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Authors
Hua, Le H. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0535-3978
Brown, Brandon
Camacho, Elizabeth
Chinea, Angel R.
Greenberg, Benjamin M.
Henry, Roland G.
Houtsma, Erik
Moreo, Natalie
Alvarez, Enrique
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation
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Article History
Received: 30 July 2025
Revised: 9 October 2025
Accepted: 10 October 2025
First Online: 24 October 2025
Declarations
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: Dr Hua has received personal fees for speaking, consulting, and advisory board activities from Alexion, EMD Serono, Genentech, Genzyme, Horizon, Novartis, and TG Therapeutics and has had research support paid to her institution from Genentech. Dr Brown, Ms Camacho, and Mr Houtsma are employees of and stockholders in Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation. Dr Chinea has been a speaker for Allergan, Biogen, EMD Serono, Genentech, Novartis, Sanofi-Genzyme, and Teva. Dr Greenberg has received consulting fees from Alexion, Amgen, Arialys, Clene, EMD Serono, Genentech/Roche, Genzyme, Horizon, IQVIA, Novartis, Sandoz, Signant, Syneos, and TG Therapeutics; has received grant funding from Anokion, National Institutes of Health, and Regeneron; serves as an unpaid member of the board of the Siegel Rare Neuroimmune Association; has equity in Clene and GenrAb; and receives royalties from UpToDate. Dr Henry has received consulting fees and/or research funding from Atara, Boston, Celgene, Genentech/Roche, MedDay, Neurona, Novartis, QIA Consulting, and Sanofi-Genzyme. Dr Moreo has received consulting fees from Apollo Medical Communications and EMD Serono. She has received research support from InnoCare and Novartis. Dr Alvarez has received consulting fees from Biogen, Celgene/Bristol Myers Squibb, Cionic, EMD Serono/Merck, Genentech/Roche, Horizon/Amgen, Novartis, Sanofi, and TG Therapeutics and has received research support from Atara, Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Genentech/Roche, National Institutes of Health, National Multiple Sclerosis Society, Novartis, the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Initiative, the Rocky Mountain MS Center, Sanofi, and TG Therapeutics.
: The trial data are available on reasonable request, provided that it is in line with current ethical and intellectual property requirements surrounding the use of data. Requests should be directed through ClinicalStudyDataRequest.com.
