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Article History

Received: 20 August 2025

Revised: 16 October 2025

Accepted: 19 October 2025

First Online: 5 November 2025

Declarations

:

: P. T. Waskowiak (PW): is a PhD candidate on the Don’t be late! project, funded by the Dutch Research Council (NWO). She has received speaker honoraria from Biogen and Sanofi Genzyme. B. A. de Jong (BdJ): reported receiving grants from Dutch MS Research Foundation, National MS Foundation, Dutch Multiple Sclerosis Association, and Zorgverzekeraars Nederland (i.e. umbrella organization of health insurers in the Netherlands). B.A. de Jong is member of the medical advisory board of the Dutch MS Society, member of the scientific board of the Dutch MS Research Foundation, chair of the committee for the revision of the guideline on disease modifying therapy and MS for the Netherlands Society of Neurology, and chair of the committee of the Dutch National MS registration of the Netherlands Society of Neurology. B. M. J. Uitdehaag (BU): has received consultancy fees from Immunic Therapeutics. nothing to disclose. H. E. Hulst (HH): is a board member of the Multiple Sclerosis Journal, receives research support from the Dutch MS Research Foundation and the Dutch Research Council. She has served as a consultant for or received research support from Atara Biotherapeutics, Biogen, Novartis, Celgene/Bristol Meyers Squibb, Sanofi Genzyme, MedDay and Merck BV. A. Myronenko (AM), and M. Klein (MK): declare that they have no conflict of interest.

: The study was conducted according to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki (2013) and in accordance with the Dutch Medical Research Involving Human Subjects Act (WMO). The Medical Ethical Committee of the Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam has reviewed and approved this study (METC 2021.0707, protocol version 2, 4 May 2022). All participants signed informed consent prior to participation.