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Article History

Received: 15 June 2025

Revised: 23 October 2025

Accepted: 26 October 2025

First Online: 11 November 2025

Declarations

:

: E.P.F. has served on advisory boards for Roche/Genentech, and he is a site principal investigator and a member of the steering committee for a clinical trial of satralizumab for relapsing myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease run by Roche/Genentech; A.Z. has received research funding from Roche and the Mayo Clinic Center for MS and Autoimmune Neurology relevant to this work. Roche funded this project; S.L.C. has served on advisory boards for Roche/Genentech; A.M. has consulted for Roche/Genentech, without personal compensation; S.J.P. has received personal compensation for serving as a consultant and for serving on scientific advisory boards or data safety monitoring boards for Roche/Genentech; he also received research support from Roche/Genentech; D.D. has consulted for UCB, Immunovant, Argenx, Arialys, and Astellas Pharmaceuticals. All compensation for consulting activities is paid directly to Mayo Clinic. He is a named inventor on a filed patent that relates to KLHL11 as a marker of autoimmunity and germ cell tumors. He has patents pending for LUZP4-IgG, cavin-4-IgG, and SKOR2-IgG as markers of neurological autoimmunity. He has received funding from the DOD (CA210208, AL240239, and PR220430), David J. Tomassoni ALS Research Grant Program, and UCB. All other authors report no disclosure relevant to the manuscript.

: The study was approved by the Mayo Clinic Institutional Review Board.