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Authors
Putzolu, Martina
Sarasso, Elisabetta
Canu, Elisa
Gardoni, Andrea
Ravizzotti, Elisa
Mezzarobba, Susanna
Basaia, Silvia
Avanzino, Laura
Filippi, Massimo
Agosta, Federica https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3121-4979
Pelosin, Elisa
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
European Commission (MNESYS (PE0000006))
Ministero dell’Istruzione, dell’Università e della Ricerca (MNESYS (PE0000006))
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Article History
Received: 1 October 2025
Revised: 31 October 2025
Accepted: 10 November 2025
First Online: 18 November 2025
Declarations
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: A.G., E.R., and S.M., declare no financial competing interests. E.S., S.B., and E.C. have received research supports form the Italian Ministry of Health. M.P. work was supported by #NEXTGENERATIONEU (NGEU) and funded by the Ministry of University and Research (MUR), National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP), project MNESYS (PE0000006)—A Multiscale integrated approach to the study of the nervous system in health and disease (DN. 1553 11.10.2022). L.A. has received speaker honoraria from Zambon and Bial and received research supports (Grants) from the EU Joint Programme for Neurodegenerative Disease Research (JPND) (2022 call) and Michael J. Fox Foundation (Fall 2022 biomarkers to support therapeutic trials program). She received research support from FRESCO foundation and the Italian Ministry of Health (Ricerca Finalizzata 2022 and 5X1000). M.F. is Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Neurology, Associate Editor of Human Brain Mapping, Neurological Sciences, and Radiology; received compensation for consulting services from Alexion, Almirall, Biogen, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi; speaking activities from Bayer, Biogen, Cel-gene, Chiesi Italia SpA, Eli Lilly, Genzyme, Janssen, Merck-Serono, Neo-pharmed Gentili, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Roche, Sanofi, Takeda and TEVA; participation in Advisory Boards for Alexion, Biogen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi, Sanofi-Aventis, Sanofi-Genzyme, Takeda; scientific direction of educational events for Biogen, Merck, Roche, Celgene, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lilly, Novartis, Sanofi-Genzyme; he receives research support from Biogen Idec, Merck-Serono, Novartis, Roche, the Italian Ministry of Health, the Italian Ministry of University and Research and Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla. F.A. is Associate Editor of NeuroImage: Clinical, has received speaker honoraria from Biogen Idec, Italfarmaco, Roche, Zambon, Eli Lilly, GE Healthcare and Bristol Myers Squibb, and receives or has received research supports from the Italian Ministry of Health, the Italian Ministry of University and Research, AriSLA (Fondazione Italiana di Ricerca per la SLA), the European Research Council, the EU Joint Programme—Neurodegenerative Disease Research (JPND) and Foundation Research on Alzheimer Disease (France). E.P. is part of an Advisory Board for M.J. Fox Foundation. She has received grants from Italian Ministry of University and Research (PRIN 2022) and Michael J. Fox Foundation (Fall 2022 biomarkers to support therapeutic trials program), and research supports from Italian Ministry of Health (Ricerca Finalizzata 2022 and 5X1000).
: The study was approved by the institutional ethical committee of the University of Genova (CERA 2023/02). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to the experimental session, and the study was conducted adhering to the Declaration of Helsinki standards.
