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Authors
Premaratne, Sayumi https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9212-6826
Zoghi, Maryam
Antonic-Baker, Ana
Chen, Zhibin
Chen, Leo
Hamer, Ryan
Major, Brendan
Thomas, Elizabeth H. X.
Kwan, Patrick
O’Brien, Terence J.
Lundstrom, Brian N.
Simpson, Hugh D. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8695-1904
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Article History
Received: 26 August 2025
Revised: 12 November 2025
Accepted: 14 November 2025
First Online: 6 December 2025
Declarations
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: B.N. Lundstrom declares intellectual property licensed to Cadence Neuroscience Inc (contractual rights waived, all funds to Mayo Clinic) and Seer Medical Inc (contractual rights waived, all funds to Mayo Clinic), site investigator (Medtronic EPAS, Neuroelectrics tDCS for Epilepsy), and industry consultant (Epiminder, Medtronic, Neuropace, Philips Neuro, all funds to Mayo Clinic); R. Hamer is a consultant for Nexstim (Helsinki, Finland); The remaining authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.
: This review draws exclusively on previously published work. Therefore, ethical approval from an Ethical Review Board and written informed patient consent were not required.
