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Article History

Received: 2 October 2025

Revised: 12 November 2025

Accepted: 14 November 2025

First Online: 19 November 2025

Declarations

:

: MSM has nothing to disclose. IG has nothing to disclose. PV has nothing to disclose. SG received compensation for speaking activities from Bristol Squibb Meyer, Novartis, Merck. AF has nothing to disclose, LM received compensation for speaking activities, travel grant, and participation in advisory board from Biogen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi-Genzyme, Merck-Serono, Biogen, and Alexion. AG has nothing to disclose. MF is Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Neurology , Associate Editor of Human Brain Mapping , Neurological Sciences, and Radiology ; received compensation for consulting services from Alexion, Almirall, Biogen, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi; speaking activities from Bayer, Biogen, Celgene, Chiesi Italia SpA, Eli Lilly, Genzyme, Janssen, Merck-Serono, Neopharmed Gentili, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Roche, Sanofi, Takeda, and TEVA; participation in Advisory Boards for Alexion, Biogen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi, Sanofi-Aventis, Sanofi-Genzyme, and Takeda; scientific direction of educational events for Biogen, Merck, Roche, Celgene, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lilly, Novartis, and Sanofi-Genzyme; he receives research support from Biogen Idec, Merck-Serono, Novartis, Roche, the Italian Ministry of Health, the Italian Ministry of University and Research, and Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla.

: The present study was conducted in accordance to the Helsinki Declaration (Fortaleza revision, 2013) and with European and Italian regulations about privacy. Patient gave informed consent to study inclusion and to publication of the case report.