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Authors
Kleinschnitz, C. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1650-8875
Skripuletz, T. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8550-335X
Pfeuffer, S. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5171-4845
Pawlitzki, M. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3080-2277
Rieckmann, P. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6921-0135
Penner, I.-K. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6746-1034
Knaup, J. https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5062-1093
Wagner, T. https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7479-4311
Hübschen, M.
Hellwig, K. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4467-9011
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Merck Healthcare Germany GmbH, Weiterstadt, an affiliate of Merck KGaA
Universitätsklinikum Essen
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Article History
Received: 5 September 2025
Revised: 14 November 2025
Accepted: 15 November 2025
First Online: 27 November 2025
Declarations
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: Christoph Kleinschnitz received honoraria for lecturing and travel expenses for attending meetings from Alexion, Almirall, Astra Zenica, Bayer, Biogen, Biontech, Boehringer Ingelheim Bristol Myers-Squibb, C.T.I., Daiichi Sankyo, Docspert, Merck Healthcare Germany GmbH, Weiterstadt, an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Mylan/Viatris, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi-Aventis, Stada, Teva, Janssen-Cilag, Horizon Therapeutics, Medscape LLC, Baumgart Consultants, StreamedUp!, Hexal/Sandoz, Agentur Süss, Viatris. Thomas Skripuletz reports research support from Alnylam, CSL Behring, Merck Healthcare Germany GmbH, Weiterstadt, an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Novartis, Siemens; honoraria for lectures, travel support for meeting attendance, and/or consultancy fees from Alexion, Alnylam, argenx, Bayer, Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Centogene, CSL Behring, Grifols, Hexal AG, Horizon, Janssen, Merck Healthcare Germany GmbH, Weiterstadt, an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi, Siemens, SOBI, Teva, Viatris. Steffen Pfeuffer received honoraria for lecturing and for serving on advisory boards from argenx, Alexion, Biogen, Hexal, Merck Healthcare Germany GmbH, Weiterstadt, an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Novartis, Roche, and Sanofi Aventis; travel reimbursements from Alexion, Biogen, Merck Healthcare Germany GmbH, Weiterstadt, an affiliate of Merck KGaA, neuraxpharm, and Roche; research support from Biogen, Merck Healthcare Germany GmbH, Weiterstadt, an affiliate of Merck KGaA, and Novartis. Marc Pawlitzki received honoraria for lecturing and travel expenses for attending meetings from Alexion, ArgenX, Bayer Health Care, Biogen, Hexal, Merck Healthcare Germany GmbH, Weiterstadt, an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi-Aventis, Takeda and Teva. His research is funded by ArgenX, Biogen, Demecan, Hexal, Horizon, Merck Healthcare Germany GmbH, Weiterstadt, an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Novartis, Roche, Viatris, Takeda and Teva, all outside the scope of this work. His research is funded by the by the German Multiple Sclerosis Foundation (DMSG), the B.Braun Foundation and the German Alzheimer Society. Peter Rieckmann received honoraria for lectures from Almirall, Apple Healthcare, Baxter, Bayer, Biogen Idec, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Boehringer Ingelheim, Daiichi Sankyo, Genpharm, Genzyme, Medtronic, Merck Healthcare Germany GmbH, Weiterstadt, an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi, Siemens AG, and Teva. He received research grants from Brainlight, German Neurology Foundation, h/p/Cosmos, Max Aicher Foundation, Oberfranken-Stiftung, Red Bull, and Teva. He served on advisory boards or steering committees for Aycan, Bayer, Biogen Idec, Canada Drug Review, the German Multiple Sclerosis Society, Novartis, Merck Healthcare Germany GmbH, Weiterstadt, an affiliate of Merck KGaA, and Teva. Iris-Katharina Penner received honoraria for speaking at scientific meetings, serving at scientific advisory boards and consulting activities from Almirall, Celgene, Sanofi-Genzyme, Janssen, Merck Healthcare Germany GmbH, Weiterstadt, an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Novartis, Roche, and Teva. She received research support from the German MS Society, Celgene, Novartis, Roche, and Teva. Judith Knaup, Torsten Wagner and Michael Hübschen are employees of Merck Healthcare Germany GmbH, Weiterstadt, an affiliate of Merck KGaA. Kerstin Hellwig received research support, honoraria for lecturing and travel expenses for attending meetings from Alexion, Almirall, Bayer, Biogen, Merck Healthcare Germany GmbH, Weiterstadt, an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Mylan/Viatris, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi-Aventis, Teva, Horizon Therapeutics, Medscape LLC, StreamedUp!, Hexal/Sandoz. Refik Pul received honoraria for lecturing and consulting from Alexion, Amgen, Bayer Healthcare, Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb/Celgene, Chiesi, Janssen, Juvisé, Merck Healthcare Germany GmbH, Weiterstadt, an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Neuraxpharm, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi Genzyme and Viatris. He received research funds from Merck Healthcare Germany GmbH, Weiterstadt, an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Neuraxpharm, and Novartis.
