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Article History

Received: 25 July 2025

Revised: 13 November 2025

Accepted: 19 November 2025

First Online: 16 January 2026

Declarations

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: N.R Gyger has no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose. T Monschein has participated in meetings sponsored by or received travel funding from Biogen, Celgene, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi-Genzyme and Teva. M. Filser has no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose. S.J Bätge has no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose. A. Renner has no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose. M.S Roth has no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose. O. Aktas has received personal fees from Alexion, Amgen, Bayer Healthcare, Biogen, Celgene, Horizion Therapeutics, Merck Serono, Novartis, Roche, and Zambon, outside of the submitted work. P. Albrecht reports research grants, personal fees and travel support from German Research Foundation (DFG), EFRE-NRW, and industry: Allergan/Abbvie, Celgene, Genyzme/Sanofi, Janssen Cilag, Lilly, Bristol Myers Squibb, Ipsen, Merck, Merz, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi and Teva. H.P Hartung received outside this work fees for serving on steering and data monitoring committees from Aurinia Pharma, BayerHealthcare, Biogen, BMS Celgene, MedDays, Merck Neuraxpharm, Novartis, Roche, TG Therapeutics. I.K Penner reports having received honoraria for consulting, and for serving on speakers' bureaus and advisory boards for Amgen, Biogen, BMS, Celgene, Genzyme, Janssen, Merck, Novartis, Roche, and Teva. She received research support from the German MS Society, Celgene, Novartis, Roche, and Teva.