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Article History

Received: 24 October 2025

Revised: 16 November 2025

Accepted: 20 November 2025

First Online: 13 December 2025

Declarations

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: Gabriel Bsteh has participated in meetings sponsored by, received speaker honoraria, or travel funding from Biogen, BMS, Heidelberg Engineering, Janssen, Lilly, Medwhizz, Merck, Neuraxpharm, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi, Teva, and Zeiss, and received honoraria for consulting Adivo Associates, Biogen, BMS, Janssen, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi, and Teva. He has received unrestricted research grants from BMS and Novartis. He serves on the Executive Committee of the European Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis (ECTRIMS) and the Board of Directors of the International Multiple Sclerosis VisualSystem Consortium (IMSVISUAL). Luisa Velez Escola has participated in meetings sponsored by Chiesi. Harald Hegen has participated in meetings sponsored by, received speaker honoraria, or travel funding from Bayer, Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Horizon, Janssen, Merck, Novartis, Sanofi-Genzyme, Siemens, and Teva, and received honoraria for acting as consultant for Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi-Genzyme, and Teva. Ewald Lindner has received honoraria for speaking and consulting from iStar, Zeiss, Santen, Abbvie, and Alcon. Michael Khalil has received travel funding and speaker honoraria from Bayer, Novartis, Merck, Biogen, Sanofi, and Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. and serves on scientific advisory boards for Biogen, Merck, Roche, Novartis, Bristol-Myers Squibb, and Gilead. He received research grants from Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd., Biogen, and Novartis. Sophie Schneider has received speaker honoraria from Janssen-Cilag. Gerhard Traxler has participated in meetings sponsored by, received honoraria (lectures, advisory boards, consultations), or travel funding from Alexion, Biogen, Celgene/BMS, Janssen-Cilag, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi-Genzyme, and Teva. Erich Raithel has received honoraria for speaking and consulting from Heidelberg Engineering and Zeiss. Christian Bsteh has received honoraria for consulting and fundings to attend congresses by Biogen, Janssen, Merck, Novartis, Roche, and Sanofi-Genzyme. Christoph Mitsch nothing to disclose. Thomas Berger has participated in meetings sponsored by and received honoraria (lectures, advisory boards, consultations) from pharmaceutical companies marketing treatments for MS: Allergan, Bayer, Biogen, Bionorica, BMS/Celgene, Genesis, GSK, GW/Jazz Pharma, Horizon, Janssen-Cilag, MedDay, Merck, Novartis, Octapharma, Roche, Sandoz, Sanofi-Genzyme, Teva, and UCB. His institution has received financial support in the past 12 months by unrestricted research grants (Biogen, Bayer, BMS/Celgene, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi-Genzyme, and Teva and for participation in clinical trials in multiple sclerosis sponsored by Alexion, Bayer, Biogen, Merck, Novartis, Octapharma, Roche, Sanofi-Genzyme, and Teva. Berthold Pemp has received honoraria for speaking and consulting from Novartis.