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Authors
Owusu-Ansah, M.
Morris, A. E.
Tanenbaum, A.
Goldman, N. L.
Eid, A. M.
Grossen, S.
Campbell, M. C.
Perlmutter, J. S.
Snyder, A. Z.
Norris, S. A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3835-0976
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institutes of Health (NINDS R01NS097437)
National Institutes of Health (NIA-NINDS R01NS075321)
National Institutes of Health (NS124789)
Dystonia Medical Research Foundation
Tomkins Family Fund
Elliot Stein Family Fund and Parkinson Disease Research Fund
American Parkinson Disease Association
Barbara & Sam Murphy Fund
McDonnell Center for Systems Neuroscience
Oertli Fund for Parkinson Disease Research
Clinical and Translational Research Funding Program
APDA post-doctoral award, and the NIH T32 through Washington University Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology
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Article History
Received: 29 September 2025
Revised: 20 November 2025
Accepted: 22 November 2025
First Online: 13 January 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The study was approved by the Human Research Protection Office at Washington University School of Medicine (HRPO#: 201603081, 201102481, 201508100 for dystonia participants; HRPO #: 201501149, 201512032, 201103106 for healthy controls).
: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
: This research was supported by the National Institutes of Health. The accepted manuscript will be submitted to PubMed Central and made publicly available immediately upon publication in accordance with NIH Public Access Policy.
