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Authors
Willenberg, Rafer https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7533-5727
Smith, Bridget M.
Stroupe, Kevin T.
Sippel, Jennifer L.
Evans, Charlesnika T.
Huo, Zhiping
Sabharwal, Sunil
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Office of Research and Development (IIR 16-261-2)
Office of Research and Development (RVR 19-474)
Office of Research and Development (RCS 20-192)
U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs
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Article History
Received: 1 September 2025
Revised: 1 September 2025
Accepted: 30 November 2025
First Online: 6 January 2026
Declarations
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: STROBE cohort reporting criteria were used.
: This study was conducted with approval by the Edward Hines VA Hospital Institutional Review Board (IRB), and individual consent was waived.
: Not applicable.
