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Authors
Bonelli, Guido
Cutillo, Gianni
Rubin, Martina
Gattuso, Irene
Vabanesi, Marco
Barbera, Maurizio
Moiola, Lucia
Dell’Acqua, Antonio
Fanelli, Giovanna F.
Filippi, Massimo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5485-0479
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Article History
Received: 13 November 2025
Revised: 3 December 2025
Accepted: 4 December 2025
First Online: 12 December 2025
Declarations
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: G. Bonelli, G. Cutillo, M. Rubin, I. Gattuso, M. Vabanesi, M. Barbera, L. Moiola, A. Dell’Acqua, and G.F. Fanelli have no relevant disclosures related to the present work. M. Filippi is Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Neurology , Associate Editor of Human Brain Mapping , Neurological Sciences, and Radiology ; received compensation for consulting services from Alexion, Almirall, Biogen, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi; speaking activities from Bayer, Biogen, Celgene, Chiesi Italia SpA, Eli Lilly, Genzyme, Janssen, Merck-Serono, Neopharmed Gentili, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Roche, Sanofi, Takeda, and TEVA; participation in Advisory Boards for Alexion, Biogen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi, Sanofi-Aventis, Sanofi-Genzyme, Takeda; scientific direction of educational events for Biogen, Merck, Roche, Celgene, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lilly, Novartis, Sanofi-Genzyme; he receives research support from Biogen Idec, Merck-Serono, Novartis, Roche, the Italian Ministry of Health, the Italian Ministry of University and Research, and Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla.
: The present study was conducted in accordance to the Helsinki Declaration (Fortaleza revision, 2013) and with European and Italian regulations about privacy. Informed consent was obtained from the patient’s wife.
