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Authors
Freri, Fabiola
Spinelli, Edoardo Gioele
Canu, Elisa
Basaia, Silvia
Castelnovo, Veronica
Müller, Hans-Peter
Kassubek, Jan
Ludolph, Albert C.
Krishnamurthy, Sruthi Sankari
Roselli, Francesco
Filippi, Massimo
Agosta, Federica https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3121-4979
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
European Commission (EU Joint Programme – Neurodegenerative Disease Research (JPND) – HiCALS project)
European Union (Next Generation EU/National Recovery)
European Union (Resilience Plan)
European Union (Investment PE8-Project Age-It. Project code: PE00000015; CUP master: D43C22003100007)
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Article History
Received: 3 November 2025
Revised: 4 December 2025
Accepted: 4 December 2025
First Online: 22 December 2025
Declarations
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: F. Freri, E.G. Spinelli report no competing interests; E. Canu, S. Basaia have received research support from the Italian Ministry of Health; V. Castelnovo, H. Müller, J. Kassubek and A.C. Ludolph, S.S. Krishnamurthy, F. Roselli report no competing interests; M. Filippi is Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Neurology , Associate Editor of Human Brain Mapping , Neurological Sciences, and Radiology , received compensation for consulting services from Alexion, Almirall, Biogen, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi, speaking activities from Bayer, Biogen, Celgene, Chiesi Italia Spa, Eli Lilly, Genzyme, Janssen, Merck-Serono, Neopharmed Gentili, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Roche, Sanofi, Takeda, and TEVA, participation in Advisory Boards for Alexion, Biogen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi, Sanofi-Aventis, Sanofi-Genzyme, Takeda, scientific direction of educational events for Biogen, Merck, Roche, Celgene, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lilly, Novartis, Sanofi-Genzyme, he receives research support from Biogen Idec, Merck-Serono, Novartis, Roche, the Italian Ministry of Health, the Italian Ministry of University and Research, and Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla; F. Agosta is Associate Editor of NeuroImage: Clinical, has received speaker honoraria from Biogen Idec, Italfarmaco, Roche, Zambon and Eli Lilly, and receives or has received research supports from the Italian Ministry of Health, the Italian Ministry of University and Research, AriSLA (Fondazione Italiana di Ricerca per la SLA), the European Research Council, the EU Joint Programme – Neurodegenerative Disease Research (JPND), and Foundation Research on Alzheimer Disease (France).
: The acquisition of the MRI dataset and its study were approved by the Ethical Committee of the University of Ulm (reference #19/12). This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The ethical standards committee on human experimentation of the University of Ulm (Ulm, Germany) approved the study protocol, and all participants provided written informed consent.
