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Article History

Received: 15 November 2025

Revised: 30 December 2025

Accepted: 31 December 2025

First Online: 21 January 2026

Declarations

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: The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest relevant to this work. Jennifer Mammen has received grants and research support from NIH/NINR, FDA/CDER, Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson’s Research, Critical Path for Parkinson’s, and and/or consulting fees or honoraria from Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson’s Research and Lundbeck. Mirinda Tyo has received grants and research support from Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson’s Research and FDA/CDER and consulting fees or honoraria from Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson’s Research. Yuge Xiao is an employee at Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson’s Research. Jamie Adams received research support from the Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson’s Research, Critical Path for Parkinson’s, NIH/NINDS, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Biogen, the Huntington Study Group, and PhotoPharmics; and compensation or honoraria from the Huntington Study Group, the Parkinson Study Group, AbbVie, VisualDx, BioSensics, Sana Biotechnology, Neuron23, Lundbeck, Biohaven, the Parkinson Study Group, and American Neurological Association. The remaining co-authors have no additional financial disclosures to report.

: We confirm that we have read the Journal’s position on issues involved in ethical publication and affirm that this work is consistent with those guidelines.

: Informed electronic consent was obtained via Redcap.

: This study was approved by University of Rochester IRB#00006429 and University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth IRB#23.044.

: This study used COREQ criteria to guide reporting of qualitative findings.