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Authors
Harada, Shizuka
Nakajima, Makoto https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3547-1307
Nomura, Toshiya
Kimura, Ryutaro
Matsubara, Soichiro
Misumi, Yohei
Kuyama, Naoto
Izumiya, Yasuhiro
Tsujita, Kenichi
Kimura, Kazumi
Ando, Yukio
Ueda, Mitsuharu
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Health Promotion Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare (JPMH23FC1035)
Foundation for Promotion of Material Science and Technology of Japan (JP25K02583)
Foundation for Promotion of Material Science and Technology of Japan (JP22K07528)
Kumamoto University
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Article History
Received: 13 November 2025
Revised: 30 December 2025
Accepted: 4 January 2026
First Online: 19 January 2026
Declarations
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: Makoto Nakajima received lecture fees and honoraria from Bayer, Pfizer and Daiichi Sankyo. Yohei Misumi received research grants from Alnylam and Pfizer. Yasuhiro Izumiya received lecture fees from Pfizer Japan Inc. Kenichi Tsujita received research grants and lecture fees from Alexion Pharma GK and Pfizer Japan, Inc. Kazumi Kimura received lecture fees and honoraria from Daiichi Sankyo. Yukio Ando received research grants and lecture fees from Alnylam and Pfizer. Mitsuharu Ueda received research grants and lecture fees from Alnylam and Pfizer. All reported disclosures are outside the scope of this study. Other authors reported no competing interests.
: The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Kumamoto University Hospital (Approval No. 3187). The requirement for written informed consent was waived owing to the retrospective nature of the study. Instead, information about the study was publicly disclosed and an opt-out method was used to provide patients with the opportunity to refuse the use of their data.
