Document is current

Article History

Received: 20 November 2025

Revised: 12 January 2026

Accepted: 14 January 2026

First Online: 10 February 2026

Declarations

:

: Gitanjali Anburajan declares no conflict of interest. Zheyu Wang declares no conflict of interest. Georgios Mantokoudis declares no conflict of interest. Jorge Kattah declares no conflict of interest. David E. Newman-Toker conducts research related to the diagnosis of dizziness and stroke. He serves as the principal investigator for multiple grants and contracts on these topics, including the NIH-sponsored AVERT clinical trial (NIDCD U01 DC013778, ClinicalTrials.gov #NCT02483429). Johns Hopkins has been loaned research equipment (video-oculography [VOG] systems) by two companies for use in Dr. Newman-Toker’s research; one of these companies has also provided funding for research on diagnostic algorithm development related to dizziness, inner ear diseases, and stroke. Dr. Newman-Toker has no other financial interest in these or any other companies. Dr. Newman-Toker is an inventor on a patent (US Patent #12,266,109) for smartphone-based stroke diagnosis in patients with dizziness. He gives frequent academic lectures on these topics and occasionally serves as a medico-legal consultant for both plaintiff and defense in cases related to dizziness, stroke, and diagnostic error. Alexander A. Tarnutzer has received consultant and / or speaker fees from Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, AstraZeneca, Teva Pharma, Neuraxpharma, Angelini Pharma and Schwabe Pharma.

: Being a systematic review of the literature, no ethical approval or consent was necessary.