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Article History

Received: 6 October 2025

Revised: 21 January 2026

Accepted: 21 January 2026

First Online: 9 February 2026

Declarations

:

: I.T.: no disclosure relevant to the manuscript. V.S.: no disclosure relevant to the manuscript. H.M.: received funding from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) as part of the research program “Interactive Technologies for Health and Quality of Life.” S.S.: no disclosure relevant to the manuscript. G.P.: no disclosure relevant to the manuscript. F.K.: received personal fees from Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Sanofi, Teva, Bial, and the Austrian Society of Neurology in the past 36 months and he has ongoing grant support from the Austrian Science Fund (FWF), the National Institutes of Health and the Michael J. Fox Foundation, outside of the submitted work. D.B.: has a Swiss National Fund (SNF) grant for the Mobility_APP project and received a speaker’s fee from Bial. B.E.: received institutional funding by the Mobilise-D project through the Innovative Medicines Initiative 2 Joint Undertaking under grant agreement 820820. This joint undertaking receives support from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program and the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations. BME was further supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation)—SFB 1483—Project-ID 442419336, EmpkinS. BME also receives honoraria and research funding from AGAPLESION gAG, adidas AG, Siemens Healthineers AG, Sivantos GmbH, Novartis Deutschland GmbH, and BEE Medic GmbH. He further declares co-ownership of Portabiles Healthcare Technologies GmbH and patent co-inventorship in EP 16174268.9 (gait assessment) jointly used with Portabiles HealthCare Technologies. M.R.: no disclosure relevant to the manuscript. A.I.: no disclosure relevant to the manuscript. J.K.: reports institutional research grants from FNR Luxembourg (dHealthPD), Mobilise-D, DigiPD (EU IMI, ERA PerMed, H2020), German Research Foundation (DFG); BMBF, Bav. Ministry of Economics (dHealthSolutions). JK works on advisory boards in the field of healthcare technologies and digital health of different associations of medical professionals, industries, and political authorities including Medical Valley Digital Health Application Center GmbH, Germany; RoxHealth; Germany. In the last 5 years JK received compensation and honoraria from lecturing and advising by Desitin GmbH, Bial Deutschland GmbH; Celgene GmbH, Lundbeck-Foundation, Novartis GmbH, EverPharma GmbH; JK holds shares of Portabiles HealthCare Technologies GmbH, Portabiles GmbH, Alpha-Telemed AG JK has a patent related to gait assessments (EP 16174268.9). K.A.: no disclosures relevant to the manuscript. G.W.: no disclosures relevant to the manuscript. C.R.: no disclosures relevant to the manuscript. J.W.: JW holds a patent on human gait assessment (without holding shares), Honoraria from Zambon, Bial, UCB within the last 5 years, Funding: EmpkinS (SFB 1483—Project-ID 442419336), Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) – 505539112, DFG (project 500888779 / RU5534 MR biosignatures at UHF), TreatHSP2 (01GM2209B), PDnetGo (230205 PDnetGo). H.G.: received institutional funding by the Mobilise-D project through the Innovative Medicines Initiative 2 Joint Undertaking under grant agreement 820820. This joint undertaking receives support from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program and the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations. HG was further supported by the Fraunhofer Internal Programs under grant Attract 044–602140 and 044–602150 as well as under Grant No. SME 40–09311. He also received institutional funding from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation)—SFB 1483—Project-ID 442419336, EmpkinS, and from the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (TreatHSP2, 01GM2209B). HG received personal fees from Zambon GmbH outside of the submitted work.

: The Mobility_APP study was approved by the local ethics committees (IRB numbers: 26_20 B (Erlangen), 1290/2020 (Innsbruck), 49-2015 (Bolzano). The study conformed to all standards set by the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and all participants provided written informed consent.

: All authors have approved the submission.