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Article History

Received: 26 September 2025

Revised: 14 January 2026

Accepted: 21 January 2026

First Online: 7 February 2026

Declarations

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: JAG received non-financial support from Merck, Novartis, Roche and speaker honoraria from WVAO eV, all unrelated to this project. RW received a poster award from Novartis. TK received speaker honoraria and/or personal fees for advisory boards from Novartis Pharma, Roche Pharma, Alexion/Astra Zeneca, Horizon Therapeutics/Amgen, Merck, Chugai Pharma and Biogen. The Institution she works for has received compensation for serving as a member of a steering committee from Roche. TK is a site principal investigator in several randomized clinical trials (Novartis Pharma, Roche Pharma, BMS and Sanofi Genzyme) and in randomized clinical trials supported by the BMBf (funding code: 01GM1908E) and her institution has received compensation for clinical trials all outside the present work. TK is Part of the managing board of the German TK Part of the managing board of the German “krankheitsbezogenes Kompetenznetz Multiple Sklerose” (KKNMS) and of the German Neuromyelitis Optica Study Group (NEMOS)—both unpaid. JH: reported grants for OCT research from the Sumaira Foundation, Horizon/Amgen, Roche and Merck, personal consulting fees and honoraria from Alexion, Amgen, Merck, Novartis, Neuraxpharm, Johnson&Johnson, Rewind Therapeutics and Roche and nonfinancial support of the Sumaira Foundation and Guthy-Jackson Charitable Foundation, all outside the submitted work.