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Article History

Received: 10 November 2025

Revised: 2 February 2026

Accepted: 4 February 2026

First Online: 20 February 2026

Declarations

:

: Jonathan Vöglein received consulting fees, speaker fees, research support, and/or coverage for conference and travel expenses from Novo Nordisk, Biogen, Eisai, Lilly, the Alzheimer’s Association, the Austrian Alzheimer’s Society, the German Society of Nuclear Medicine, Helmholtz, and LMUexcellent. All relationships outside the submitted work. Armin Giese reports employment by and being a shareholder of MODAG GmbH. In addition, he is an inventor on patents related diagnosis and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Johannes Levin reports speaker fees from Bayer Vital, Biogen, EISAI, TEVA, Zambon, Esteve, Lilly, BIAL, Merck and Roche, consulting fees from Axon Neuroscience, EISAI, Lilly, Alnylam, Roche and Biogen, author fees from Thieme medical publishers and W. Kohlhammer GmbH medical publishers and is inventor in a patent “Oral Phenylbutyrate for Treatment of Human 4-Repeat Tauopathies” (PCT/EP2024/053388) filed by LMU Munich. In addition, he reports compensation for serving as chief medical officer for MODAG GmbH, is beneficiary of the phantom share program of MODAG GmbH and is inventor in a patent “Pharmaceutical Composition Comprising Diphenyldiazole Derivatives and Methods of Use” (EP 22 159 408.8) filed by MODAG GmbH, all activities outside the submitted work.

: All procedures performed in the study involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional ethics committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.