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Authors
Xu, Qianhui
Sung, Meng Hsuan
Chen, Zhuo
Rajbhandari-Thapa, Janani
Adams, Grace Bagwell
Khan, M. Mahmud
Shen, Ye
Song, Xiao
Song, Xia
Song, Suhang
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (UL1TR002378)
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Article History
Received: 9 December 2025
Revised: 5 February 2026
Accepted: 7 February 2026
First Online: 27 February 2026
Declarations
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: The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.
: This study used publicly available, de-identified data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS). The original HRS data collection was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the University of Michigan, and participants provided informed consent at the time of data collection. The present study involved secondary analysis of de-identified data and was determined not to constitute human subjects research by the Institutional Review Board of the University of Georgia (IRB ID: PROJECT00008358); therefore, additional ethical approval was not required.
