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Article History

Received: 21 December 2025

Revised: 6 March 2026

Accepted: 7 March 2026

First Online: 18 March 2026

Declarations

:

: Heinz Wiendl: receives research support from Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Deutsche Myasthenie Gesellschaft e.V., European Union, Alexion, Amicus Therapeutics Inc., Argenx, Biogen, CSL Behring, F. Hoffmann—La Roche, Genzyme, Merck, Novartis, Roche, UCB Biopharma, as well as speaker and/or consultancy fee from Alexion, Argenx, Argobio, AOCN, AstraZeneca, BGP Products Operations GmbH, Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, CEMCAT, Dianthus, EMD Serono Research & Development Institute Inc., Billerica, MA, USA, an affiliate of Merck KGaA, EPG Health/Medthority, Fondazione Cariplo, Genzyme, Idorsia, Immunic, Immunovant, INmune Bio_Syneos Health, Kohlhammer, LTS, Lundbeck, Merck, MS at the Limits, Muna Therapeutics, Myrobalan Therapeutics, Neurodiem, NMSS, Novartis, Ology, PSL Group, Red Nucleus, Roche, Samsung, Sangamo, Sanofi, Springer, StreamedUp, Swiss MS Society, Teladochealth, Toleranzia, Teva, UCB, Uvet, Viatris, WebMD global. He is a member of Scientific Advisory Boards from Alexion, Argenx, Biocryst, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cellerys, Galapagos, Janssen, Merck, Novartis, Sandoz-Hexal and uniQure biopharma B.V. Ralf Gold received Research Support, and Speaker’s Honoraria from Bayer Schering, Biogen-Idec, BMS, Chugai, Eisai, Genesis, Janssen, Kyverna, Merck, Nikkiso Pharma, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi-Genzyme, Sandoz, TEVA, Consulting Honoraria from ZLB Behring, Baxter, Roche, Talecris, and has personal stock options in Kyverna, Merck, Novartis, Sanofi and Roche. Refik Pul received honoraria for lecturing and consulting from Alexion, Amgen, Bayer Healthcare, Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb/Celgene, Chiesi, Janssen, Juvisé, Merck Healthcare Germany GmbH, Weiterstadt, Germany, an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Neuraxpharm, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi Genzyme and Viatris. He received research funds from Merck Healthcare Germany GmbH, Weiterstadt, Germany, an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Neuraxpharm, and Novartis. Michael Ernst has served on advisory boards and received speaker and consultant fees/travel from Merck, Sanofi-Genzyme, Novartis, Biogen, Janssen, Alexion, Celgene / Bristol-Myers Squibb, and Roche. Travel costs and expenses were reimbursed where applicable. The speaker does not own any shares in the above-mentioned companies. Memberships: DGN, DMKG. Markus C. Kowarik has served on advisory boards and received speaker fees/travel grants from Merck, Sanofi-Genzyme, Novartis, Biogen, Janssen, Alexion, Celgene/Bristol-Myers Squibb and Roche. M.K. also received research grants from Merck, Roche, Sanofi-Genzyme, Novartis, Janssen and Celgene/Bristol-Myers Squibb. Juliane Klehmet received personal compensation for consulting as well as speaker honouraria from Bayer, Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Grifols, Janssen, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi Genzyme, Takeda and Teva. Ines Siglienti served on advisory boards and received speaker honouraria and travel fees from Bayer, Biogen, Merck, Roche, Bristol-Myers Squibb. Michael Hübschen, Torsten Wagner and Judith Knaup are employees of Merck Healthcare Germany GmbH, Weiterstadt, Germany, an affiliate of Merck KGaA. Christoph Kleinschnitz received honoraria for lecturing and travel expenses for attending meetings from Alexion, Almirall, Astra Zenica, Bayer, Biogen, Biontech, Boehringer Ingelheim Bristol Myers-Squibb, C.T.I., Daiichi Sankyo, Docspert, Merck Healthcare Germany GmbH, Weiterstadt, Germany, an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Mylan/Viatris, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi-Aventis, Stada, Teva, Janssen-Cilag, Horizon Therapeutics, Medscape LLC, Baumgart Consultants, StreamedUp!, Hexal/Sandoz, Agentur Süss, Viatris.