Document is current

Article History

Received: 11 January 2026

Revised: 16 March 2026

Accepted: 18 March 2026

First Online: 1 April 2026

Declarations

:

: Michael Hayes has received travel support from Roche outside the submitted work. Heidi Beadnall has received speaker’s honoraria and honoraria for attendance at advisory boards and travel sponsorship from Biogen, Merck, Novartis, Sanofi and Roche outside the submitted work. Daniel Merlo has received honoraria from Novartis outside the submitted work. Mastura Monif’s university receives funding from National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia outside the submitted work. Ai-Lan Nguyen has received research grants from Novartis, Biogen, Merck Serono and MS Research Australia; speaker honoraria from Roche, Biogen, Teva, Merck Serono and Novartis, and served on advisory boards for Merck Serono and Novartis outside the submitted work. Diana Sima and Dirk Smeets are employees of icometrix. Manuela Vaneckova has received speaker honoraria, consultant fees and travel expenses from Novartis, Roche, Merck, Biogen and has been supported by the Czech Ministry of Education—project Cooperatio LF1, and National Institute for Neurological Research (Programme EXCELES, ID project No LX22NPO5107)—funded by the European Union-Next Generation EU and Cooperatio LF1 and Ministry of Health—institutional support, RVO 64165 outside the submitted work. Wim Van Hecke is CEO, founder, shareholder and member of the board of icometrix, and has received support from the Innovative Health Initiative Joint Undertaking (JU) under grant agreement No 101112153 (CLAIMS); the JU receives support from the European Union’s Horizon Europe research and innovation programme and COCIR, EFPIA, EuropaBio, MedTech Europe, Vaccines Europe, AB Science SA and icometrix NV. Anneke van der Walt served on advisory boards for Novartis, Biogen, Merck, Roche and NervGen, received research grants from National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia, MS Research Australia, Novartis, Biogen, Merck and Roche, received speaker’s honoraria and travel support from Novartis, Roche, Biogen and Merck. Helmut Butzkueven’s institution has received compensation for advisory boards or lecture fees from Novartis, Biogen, Merck, UCB Pharma and Roche, and receives research funding from Novartis, Biogen, Merck, Roche, National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia, The Medical Research Future Fund (Australia), Monash Partners, Trish MS Foundation, The Pennycook Foundation, and MS Australia. He also receives personal compensation as the Managing Director of the MSBase Foundation and from the Oxford Health Policy Forum Brain Health Initiative. The remaining authors report no competing interests.

: The MSBase Registry (World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform ID: ACTRN12605000455662) was approved by the Alfred Health Human Research Ethics Committee and by the local ethics committees in all participating centres. The study procedures were in accordance with the ethical guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants provided written informed consent prior to their inclusion in the study.