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Article History

Received: 16 January 2026

Revised: 17 March 2026

Accepted: 22 March 2026

First Online: 7 April 2026

Declarations

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: NG has nothing to disclose. FM has nothing to disclose. MJ has received compensation for lectures from Merck. IR has received compensation for lectures from Biogen, Novartis, Merck, and Sanofi, and has served on advisory boards for Sanofi. EA has nothing to disclose. LN has received compensation for lectures from Biogen, Novartis, Teva, Sanofi and Merck, has served on advisory boards for Merck, Janssen, ArgenX and Sanofi, and has received an unconditional research grant from Novartis and Sanofi. JL has received travel support and/or lecture honoraria and has served on scientific advisory boards for Alexion, Almirall, Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Janssen, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sandoz and Sanofi; and has received unconditional research grants from Biogen and Novartis, and financial research support from Sanofi. HZ is a Wallenberg Scholar and a Distinguished Professor at the Swedish Research Council supported by grants from the Swedish Research Council (#2023-00356, #2022-01018 and #2019-02397), the European Union’s Horizon Europe research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 101053962, Swedish State Support for Clinical Research (#ALFGBG-71320), the Alzheimer Drug Discovery Foundation (ADDF), USA (#201809-2016862), the AD Strategic Fund and the Alzheimer's Association (#ADSF-21-831376-C, #ADSF-21-831381-C, #ADSF-21-831377-C, and #ADSF-24-1284328-C), the European Partnership on Metrology, co-financed from the European Union’s Horizon Europe Research and Innovation Programme and by the Participating States (NEuroBioStand, #22HLT07), the Bluefield Project, Cure Alzheimer’s Fund, the Olav Thon Foundation, the Erling-Persson Family Foundation, Familjen Rönströms Stiftelse, Familjen Beiglers Stiftelse, Stiftelsen för Gamla Tjänarinnor, Hjärnfonden, Sweden (#FO2022-0270), the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 860197 (MIRIADE), the European Union Joint Programme—Neurodegenerative Disease Research (JPND2021-00694), the National Institute for Health and Care Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, the UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL (UKDRI-1003), and an anonymous donor. HZ has served at scientific advisory boards and/or as a consultant for Abbvie, Acumen, Alector, Alzinova, ALZpath, Amylyx, Annexon, Apellis, Artery Therapeutics, AZTherapies, Cognito Therapeutics, CogRx, Denali, Eisai, Enigma, LabCorp, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Merry Life, Nervgen, Novo Nordisk, Optoceutics, Passage Bio, Pinteon Therapeutics, Prothena, Quanterix, Red Abbey Labs, reMYND, Roche, Samumed, ScandiBio Therapeutics AB, Siemens Healthineers, Triplet Therapeutics, and Wave, has given lectures sponsored by Alzecure, BioArctic, Biogen, Cellectricon, Fujirebio, LabCorp, Lilly, Novo Nordisk, Oy Medix Biochemica AB, Roche, and WebMD, is a co-founder of Brain Biomarker Solutions in Gothenburg AB (BBS), which is a part of the GU Ventures Incubator Program, and is a shareholder of CERimmune Therapeutics (outside submitted work). HK has nothing to disclose. BH has nothing to disclose. MA has received compensation for lectures or advisory boards from Biogen, Novartis, and Genzyme.