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Article History

Received: 12 January 2026

Revised: 25 March 2026

Accepted: 1 April 2026

First Online: 16 April 2026

Declarations

:

: J.Lanzone has nothing to disclose. A.Bellini has nothing to disclose. M. Cursi has nothing to disclose. F.Pedroni has nothing to disclose. D. Curti has nothing to disclose. G.F. Fanelli has nothing to disclose. F. Agosta is Associate Editor of NeuroImage : Clinical and has received speaker honoraria from Biogen Idec, Roche, Eli Lilly, GE Healthcare and Bristol Myers Squibb, and receives or has received research support from the Italian Ministry of Health, the Italian Ministry of University and Research, AriSLA (Fondazione Italiana di Ricerca per la SLA), the European Research Council (ERC), the EU Joint Programme—Neurodegenerative Disease Research (JPND), and Foundation Research on Alzheimer Disease (France). M. Filippi is Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Neurology , Associate Editor of Human Brain Mapping , Neurological Sciences, and Radiology ; received compensation for consulting services from Almirall, Biogen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi; speaking activities from Amgen, Bayer, Biogen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Celgene, Chiesi Italia SpA, Eisai, Eli Lilly, Fujirebio, Genzyme, Janssen, Merck, Neopharmed Gentili, Neuraxpharm, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Roche, Sanofi, Takeda; participation in Advisory Boards for Alexion, Biogen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, GE Healthcare Ltd, Merck, Neuraxpharm, Novartis, Roche, Sandoz, Sanofi, Takeda; scientific direction of educational events for Biogen, Merck, Roche, Celgene, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lilly, Novartis, Sanofi-Genzyme; he receives research support from Biogen Idec, Merck-Serono, Novartis, Roche, the Italian Ministry of Health, the Italian Ministry of University and Research, and Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla.

: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Due to the retrospective nature of the study, the ethics committee of IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele was consulted. The committee reviewed the protocol and granted approval to proceed with the retrospective data collection, waiving the need for a formal application.