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Authors
Gandolfi, Marialuisa https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0877-4807
Sandri, Angela https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0462-3945
Russo, Michela https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5874-6441
Sarasso, Elisabetta https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5300-2849
Gardoni, Andrea https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2189-5689
Basaia, Silvia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0722-6243
Erro, Roberto https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7800-7419
Cuoco, Sofia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5755-4544
Carotenuto, Immacolata https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5175-6359
Ricciardi, Carlo https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7290-6432
Amato, Francesco https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9053-3139
Vinciguerra, Claudia
Botto, Annibale https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2219-6484
Amboni, Marianna
Romano, Daniele
Di Vico, Ilaria Antonella https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7126-8686
Fiorio, Mirta https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6356-0211
Pedrotti, Giulia https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4954-3178
Paolicelli, Anna
Crestani, Mauro https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1175-4142
Fratucello, Anna
Mansueto, Giancarlo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1857-0613
Pizzini, Francesca Benedetta https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6285-0989
Barillari, Marco
Lauriola, Matteo Francesco
Tozzi, Mariachiara
Rusciano, Francesca
Geroin, Christian https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6095-1930
Fasoli, Melania https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5664-393X
Marotta, Angela https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2083-3005
Salaorni, Francesca
Squintani, Giovanna Maddalena https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2191-1324
Mariotto, Sara https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7806-3103
Tamburin, Stefano https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1561-2187
Paio, Fabio https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6534-9911
De Biasi, Giuseppe
Piscosquito, Giuseppe
Zenere, Lucia https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4992-1154
Canu, Elisa https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5804-3378
Barone, Paolo https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8965-2504
Filippi, Massimo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5485-0479
Agosta, Federica https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3121-4979
Pellecchia, Maria Teresa https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6217-313X
Tinazzi, Michele https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2370-7063
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Clinical Trials BETA
Clinical trials referenced in this document:
nct06328790 at ClinicalTrials.govDocuments that mention this clinical trial
Identifying diagnostic biomarkers in functional motor disorders through multimodal behavioral, neurophysiological, and imaging assessment using explainable machine learning
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-026-13838-6
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
European Union (- Next Generation EU - NRRP M6C2 - Investment 2.1 Enhancement)
European Union (strengthening of biomedical research in the NHS (PNRR-MAD-2022-12376826)
European Union (CUP Master: E33C22001030006).)
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Article History
Received: 22 January 2026
Revised: 20 April 2026
Accepted: 22 April 2026
First Online: 30 April 2026
Declarations
:
: E. Sarasso, S. Basaia, and E. Canu have received research support from the Italian Ministry of Health. M. Filippi is the Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Neurology, Associate Editor of Human Brain Mapping, Neurological Sciences, and Radiology; received compensation for consulting services from Alexion, Almirall, Biogen, Merck, Novartis, Roche, and Sanofi; speaking activities from Bayer, Biogen, Celgene, Chiesi Italia SpA, Eli Lilly, Genzyme, Janssen, Merck-Serono, Neopharmed Gentili, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Roche, Sanofi, Takeda, and TEVA; participation in Advisory Boards for Alexion, Biogen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi, Sanofi-Aventis, Sanofi-Genzyme, Takeda, scientific direction of educational events for Biogen, Merck, Roche, Celgene, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lilly, Novartis, and Sanofi-Genzyme; he receives research support from Biogen Idec, Merck-Serono, Novartis, Roche, Italian Ministry of Health, the Italian Ministry of University and Research, and Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla. F. Agosta is Associate Editor of NeuroImage: Clinical, has received speaker honoraria from Biogen Idec, Italfarmaco, Roche, Zambon, and Ely Lilli, and receives or has received research supports from the Italian Ministry of Health, the Italian Ministry of University and Research, AriSLA (Fondazione Italiana di Ricerca per la SLA), the European Research Council, the EU Joint Programme–Neurodegenerative Disease Research (JPND), and Foundation Research on Alzheimer Disease (France). The other authors have declared that they have no competing interests. M. Gandolfi has received research support from Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla. M.T. Pellecchia has received research support from the Italian Ministry of Health and the Italian Ministry of University. M. Tinazzi has received research support from the Italian Ministry of Health. A. Fratucello received compensation for consulting services from Novartis.
: Ethics approval was obtained from the respective committees (4201CESC-PNRR-MAD-2022-12376826). The trial was registered in clinicaltrials.gov (NCT06328790).
: All patients provided written informed consent. The study adhered to the ethical standards for research involving human participants as outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki.
