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Article History

Received: 7 January 2026

Revised: 24 March 2026

Accepted: 20 April 2026

First Online: 30 April 2026

Declarations

:

: M. Split, Ph.D.: Nothing to disclose. Z.J. Kunicki, Ph.D.: Nothing to disclose. D. Ross, Ph.D.: Nothing to disclose. R. Keszycki, Ph.D.: Nothing to disclose. S. Prieto, Ph.D.: Nothing to disclose. M. Manoochehri, B.A.: Nothing to disclose. A.N. De Vito, PhD.: Nothing to disclose. B.S. Appleby, M.D.: Receives research support from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Ionis, Alector and the CJD Foundation. He has provided consultation to Acadia, Ionis and Sangamo. C. Onyike, MBBS, MHS: Receives research funding from the NIH, Department of Defense, Association for Frontotemporal Degeneration, Lawton Health Research Institute, National Ataxia Foundation, Alector and Denali. He is also supported by the Robert and Nancy Hall Brain Research Fund, the Jane Tanger Black Fund for Young-Onset Dementias and a gift from Joseph Trovato. He is a consultant with Alector Inc., Eli Lilly and Company, Otsuka Pharmaceutical, Reata Pharmaceuticals, and Neuvivo. C.T. McMillan, Ph.D.: Receives funding from NIH and Penn Institute on Aging. D. Clark, M.D.: Nothing to disclose. D. Irwin, M.D.: Receives support from the NIH, Penn Institute on Aging, Alector, Passage Bio, Prevail and Denali. D. Knopman, M.D.: Serves on a Data Safety Monitoring Board for the Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network Treatment Unit study sponsored by Washington University St Louis, and for the SMART-HS clinical trial (Univ of Kentucky). He was an investigator in Alzheimer clinical trials sponsored by Biogen, Lilly Pharmaceuticals and the University of Southern California, both of which have ended, and is currently an investigator in a trial in frontotemporal degeneration with Alector. He has served as a consultant for Roche, AriBio, Linus Health, Biovie and Alzeca Biosciences but receives no personal compensation. He receives funding from the NIH. D.R. Galasko, M.D.: Paid consultant for Biogen, vTv Pharmaceuticals, Cognition Theraptutics, Fujirebio and Amprion and received payment as a journal Editor from Springer. D. Wint, MD: Nothing to disclose. E.D. Roberson, MD., Ph.D.: Has received research support from the NIH, the Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia, the Alzheimer's Association, the Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation, the BrightFocus Foundation, and Alector; has served as a consultant for AGTC and on a data monitoring committee for Lilly; and owns intellectual property related to tau. G.C. Léger, MD: Nothing to disclose. G-Y. Hsiung, M.D.: Has served as an investigator for clinical trials sponsored by AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly and Roche/Genentech. He receives research support from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research and the Alzheimer Society of British Columbia. H.W. Heuer, Ph.D.: Nothing to disclose. H.J. Rosen, M.D.: Has received consulting fees from Eli Lilly, and receives research support from the NIH and the state of California. I.M. Grant, M.D.: Nothing to disclose. I.R. Mackenzie, M.D.: Receives research funding from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, the Alzheimer’s Association US, the NIH and the Weston Brain Institute. I. Litvan, M.D., MSc: Research is supported by the National Institutes of Health grants: U19AG063911; U01NS100610; 2P30AG062429, R01AG085029; U01NS112010; P30AG062429-06; R25NS108939 and 1R61 NS141119-01 the Michael J Fox Foundation, Parkinson’s Foundation, Lewy Body Association, CurePSP, Roche, AbbVie, Lundbeck, EIP-Pharma, Alterity, Novartis, and UCB. She is a member of the Scientific Advisory Board for the Rossy PSP Program at the University of Toronto, Aprinoia and Amydis (gratis). She receives her salary from the University of California San Diego and as Chief Editor of Frontiers in Neurology . J. Kornak, Ph.D.: Has provided expert witness testimony for Teva Pharmaceuticals in Forest Laboratories Inc. et al. v. Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc., case numbers 1:14-cv-00121 and 1:14-cv-00686 (D. Del. filed 31 January 2014 and 30 May 2014 regarding the drug Memantine) and for Apotex/HEC/Ezra in Novartis AG et al. v. Apotex Inc., case number 1:15-cv-975 (D. Del. filed 26 October 2015 regarding the drug Fingolimod). He gave testimony on behalf of Puma Biotechnology in Hsingching Hsu et al., vs. Puma Biotechnology, Inc., et al. 2018 regarding the drug Neratinib. He gave testimony as expert for the Defendants in Plaintiffs Amarin Pharma, Inc. and Amarin Pharmaceuticals Ireland Limited vs. Defendants West- Ward Pharmaceuticals Corp., West-Ward Pharmaceuticals International, Ltd., Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories, Inc., Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories, Ltd., and Teva Pharmaceuticals USA in 2019. In July 2024, he gave deposition testimony as expert on behalf of defendants in Bondurant, Converse, Gallardo, Judkins, Newsome, Rauas vs. Johnson & Johnson. In January 2025, I gave testimony in Norway at the Oslo District court as expert on behalf of defendants in Samsung Bioepis NL B.V. vs. Janssen Biotech Inc. He receives research support from the NIH. J, Kwan, M.D.: Nothing to disclose. K. Rascovsky, Ph.D.: Receives research support from the NIH. K. Domoto-Reilly, M.D., MMSc: Receives research support from the NIH. L. Massimo, Ph.D.: Receives research support from the NIH. L.S. Honig, M.D., Ph.D.: Research Funding from Acumen, Alector, Alnylam, Aprinoia, Biogen, BMS, Cognition, Cervomed/EIP, Eisai, Ferrer, Transposon, UCB, Vaccinex. Consulting fees from Biogen, Eisai, Medscape, New Amsterdam, Prevail/Lilly, Genentech/Roche, Vigil. L.K. Forsberg, Ph.D.: Receives research support from the NIH. M.C. Tartaglia, M.D.: Has served as an investigator for clinical trials sponsored by Biogen, Avanex, Green Valley, Roche/Genentech, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly/Avid Radiopharmaceuticals, UCB, Novo Nordisk and Janssen. She receives research support from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, National Institute of Aging, Tanenbaum Institute of Science in Sport, Weston Brain Foundation. She has consulted for Eisai, Lilly and Novo Nordisk. M.F. Mendez, M.D., Ph.D.: Receives research support from the NIH. N.R. Graff-Radford, MBBCh: Receives royalties from UpToDate and has participated in multicenter therapy studies by sponsored by Biogen, Lilly, Eisai and Cognition Therapeutics. He receives research support from the NIH. N. Ghoshal, M.D., Ph.D.: Has participated or is currently participating in clinical trials of anti-dementia drugs sponsored by Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly/Avid Radiopharmaceuticals, Janssen Immunotherapy, Novartis, Pfizer, Wyeth, SNIFF (The Study of Nasal Insulin to Fight Forgetfulness) and the A4 (The Anti-Amyloid Treatment in Asymptomatic Alzheimer’s Disease) trial. She receives research support from Tau Consortium and the Association for Frontotemporal Dementia and is funded by the NIH. She consults for BCBSA. P. Ljubenkov, M.D.: Has served as a site primary investigator for clinical trials sponsored by Alector, AbbVie, BMS, Transposon and Woolsey. His he receives research support from Biohaven. He receives research and salary support from the NIH-NIA and the Alzheimer’s Association-Part the Cloud partnership. R.R. Darby, M.D.: Nothing to disclose. S. Barmada, M.D., Ph.D.: Nothing to disclose. S. Weintraub, Ph.D.: Receives research support from the NIH. S. Lee, M.D.: Nothing to disclose. A.C. Sullivan, PsyD: Nothing to disclose. A. Boxer, M.D., Ph.D.: Receives research support from the NIH, the Tau Research Consortium, the Association for Frontotemporal Degeneration, Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia, Corticobasal Degeneration Solutions, the Alzheimer’s Drug Discovery Foundation and the Alzheimer’s Association. He has served as a consultant for Aeovian, AGTC, Alector, Arkuda, Arvinas, Boehringer Ingelheim, Denali, GSK, Life Edit, Humana, Oligomerix, Oscotec, Roche, TrueBinding, Wave, Merck and received research support from Biogen, Eisai and Regeneron. A.M. Staffaroni, Ph.D.: A.M.S. received research support from the NIA/NIH, the Bluefield Project to Cure FTD, and the Association for Frontotemporal Degeneration. He has provided consultation to Alector, Aviado Bio, Cervomed, Prevail Therapeutics/Eli Lilly, Passage Bio, Takeda, and Vesper Bio. A. Snyder, M.D.: Nothing to disclose. A. Bozoki, M.D.: Site PI: Novartis, EIP Pharma, Cognition Therapeutics, Alector. Therapeutics and Transposon Pharma. Project funding: Petauri Kinect. Advisory Board: Creative Biopeptides and Cognition Therapeutics. DSMB: AviadoBio. B. Pascual, Ph.D.: Nothing to disclose. B. C. Dickerson, M.D.: Works as a consultant for Acadia, Alector, Arkuda, Biogen, Cervomed, Eisai, Ilios, Lantheus, Lilly, Merck, Novo Nordisk, Quanterix; receives royalties from Cambridge University Press, Elsevier, Oxford University Press, and Up To Date; and receives grant funding from the NIA, the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, the National Institute of Mental Health and the Bluefield Foundation. B. F. Boeve, M.D.: Has served as an investigator for clinical trials sponsored by Alector, EIP Pharma/Cervomed, Biogen, Transposon and Cognition Therapeutics. He serves on the Scientific Advisory Board of the Tau Consortium which is funded by the Rainwater Charitable Foundation. He receives research support from NIH. E.D. Huey, M.D.: Receives research support from the NIH. M.S. Barker, Ph.D.: Nothing to disclose.

: All participants and/or their legally authorized representatives provided written informed consent.

: This study has been conducted according to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine Institutional Review Board and the Institutional Review Board of participating sites.