Document is current

Article History

Received: 14 February 2026

Revised: 23 April 2026

Accepted: 27 April 2026

First Online: 22 May 2026

Declarations

:

: None of the authors report conflicts of interest related to this work. F. Zahnert was supported by a grant from the German chapter of the International League Against Epilepsy (DGfE) in the form of an ‘Otfrid Forster Grant’. Felix Zahnert was furthermore supported by the clinician scientist program of the Philipps-University of Marburg and the LOEWE Research Cluster ADMIT (Advanced Medical Physics in Imaging and Therapy). F. Zahnert received compensation for travel expenses from UCB. F. Pfanzelt reports no disclosures. K. Menzler received speaker honoraria/consultancy fees from UCB Pharma, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Eisai and Bial. L. Habermehl received funding from the clinical fellowship program of the German chafter of the ILAE (DGfE) and travel expenses from Jazz pharmaceuticals. B. Keil reports no disclosures. L. Timmermann: Between May 2021 and September 2025 L. Timmermann received occasional payments as a consultant for Boston Scientific (before 2022), L. Timmermann received honoraria as a speaker on symposia sponsored by Boston Scientific, AbbVIE, Novartis, Neuraxpharm, Teva, the Movement Disorders Society und DIAPLAN (before 2022). The institution of L. Timmermann, not L. Timmermann personally received funding by Boston Scientific (before 2022), the German Research Foundation, the German Ministry of Education and Research, the Otto-Loewi-Foundation and the Deutsche Parkinson Vereinigung. Neither L. Timmermann, nor any member of his family holds stocks, stock options, patents or financial interests in any of the above-mentioned companies or their competitors. A. Kemmling is consultant for Phenox, Penumbra, Stryker. A. Grote reports no disclosures. C. Nimsky received speaker honoraria and is consultant for Brainlab, GE BKmedical, and Zeiss. S. Knake received speaker´s honoraria from Angellini Pharma, Bial, Eisai, Epilog, Desitin, Jazz Pharma, Kanso, Merck Serono, UCB and Zogenix. M. Belke reports no disclosures.

: The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the University of Marburg School of Medicine (IRB00011440) in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The requirement for informed consent was waived for the use of anonymized retrospective data in this study (approval number RS22/57).