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Article History

Received: 22 February 2026

Revised: 11 May 2026

Accepted: 13 May 2026

First Online: 26 May 2026

Declarations

:

: This research was supported (in whole or in part) by HCA Healthcare and an HCA Healthcare–affiliated entity. The views expressed in this publication represent those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the official views of HCA Healthcare or any of its affiliated entities. Dr. Mohamad Ezzeldin reports the following: consultant for Stryker, viz AI, Medtronic, and Imperative Care; Small investment at Galaxy Therapeutics. Dr. Adnan H. Siddiqui reported financial interests, including stock ownership and advisory roles, with multiple companies, including Adona Medical, Basecamp Vascular SAS, Bend IT Technologies, BlinkTBI, Borvo Medical, CerebrovaKP, Code Zero Medical, Cognition Medical, Collavidence, Contego Medical, CVAID Ltd., E8, Endostream Medical, FreeOx Biotech, Galaxy Therapeutics, Hyperion Surgical, Imperative Care, InspireMD, Instylla, IRRAS AB, Launch NY, Neurolutions, Neurovascular Diagnostics, NeXtGen Biologics, Peijia Medical, PerFlow Medical, Physician X, Piraeus Medical, Prometheus Therapeutics, Q’Apel Medical, QAS.ai, Radical Catheter Technologies, Rist Neurovascular, Sense Diagnostics, Serenity Medical, Silk Road Medical, Sim & Cure, Spinnaker Medical, StimMed, Synchron, T.G. Medical, Tulavi Therapeutics, Vastrax, Viseon, Viz.ai, Whisper Medical, and Willow Medtech. Dr. Siddiqui also reported consulting/advisory roles with multiple companies, national PI/steering committee participation in several clinical trials, and a patent (US 11,464,528 B2, “Clot Retrieval System for Removing Occlusive Clot From a Blood Vessel”). Dr. Osama Zaidat reported consulting and speaking for Cerenovus, Stryker, Penumbra, and Medtronic, and receiving research grants from Stryker, Medtronic, Cerenovus, Penumbra, and Genentech. Dr. Alhamza R. Al-Bayati reported consulting fees from Stryker Neurovascular and Cerenovus. Dr. Raul G. Nogueira reported consulting fees for advisory roles with Anaconda, Biogen, Cerenovus, Genentech, Philips, Hybernia, Imperative Care, Medtronic, Phenox, Prolong Pharmaceuticals, Stryker Neurovascular, Shanghai Wallaby, and Synchron; stock options for advisory roles with Astrocyte, Brainomix, Cerebrotech, Ceretrieve, Corindus Vascular Robotics, Vesalio, Viz-AI, RapidPulse, and Perfuze; and involvement as principal investigator in multiple clinical trials, including ENDOLOW and DUSK. Dr. Ali Alaraj reported consulting for Cerenovus. Dr. Jaydevsinh N. Dolia reported consulting for Cerenovus and holding non-significant stock in Gravity Medical Technology. Dr. Diogo C. Haussen reported consulting for Stryker, Cerenovus, and Vesalio, with VizAI stock options.

: This research activity was reviewed by the Institutional Review Board of HCA Houston Healthcare and was determined to be exempt from IRB oversight in accordance with applicable federal regulations and institutional policy (Reference No. 2025-122). The study was conducted in accordance with institutional guidelines and the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.

: The requirement for informed consent was waived due to the retrospective nature of the study and the use of de-identified data.