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Article History

Received: 19 February 2026

Revised: 22 April 2026

Accepted: 27 April 2026

First Online: 26 May 2026

Declarations

:

: Silvia Daniela Morbelli received speaking honoraria from GE Healthcare and Eli-Lilly. Marco Bozzali received speaker honoraria from Eli-Lilly, Eisai, Biogen, PIAM, Neopharmed Gentili; received compensation for consulting services from EISAI and GE Healthcare; took part in Advisory Boards for Eli-Lilly, Roche, Nono Nordisk. Annachiara Cagnin received speaker honoraria from Eli-Lilly, Eisai, Biogen, PIAM, Neopharmed Gentili, GE Healthcare, Novo Nordisk. Diego Cecchin has nothing to disclose. Arturo Chiti reports consulting or advisory role for Blue Earth Diagnostics, Telix Pharmaceuticals, InnovaRadi Therapeutic, and General Electric Healthcare; and Speaker’s Bureaus for Bracco Diagnostics, General Electric Healthcare, Novartis, Telix Pharmaceuticals, and United Imaging; he is Editor in Chief of The EANM Journal. M. Filippi is Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Neurology, Associate Editor of Human Brain Mapping, Neurological Sciences, and Radiology; received compensation for consulting services from Almirall, Biogen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi; speaking activities from Amgen, Bayer, Biogen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Celgene, Chiesi Italia SpA, Eisai, Eli Lilly, Fujirebio, Genzyme, Janssen, Merck, Neopharmed Gentili, Neuraxpharm, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Roche, Sanofi, Takeda; participation in Advisory Boards for Alexion, Biogen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, GE Healthcare Ltd, Merck, Neuraxpharm, Novartis, Roche, Sandoz, Sanofi, Takeda; scientific direction of educational events for Biogen, Merck, Roche, Celgene, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lilly, Novartis, Sanofi-Genzyme; he receives research support from Biogen Idec, Merck-Serono, Novartis, Roche, the Italian Ministry of Health, the Italian Ministry of University and Research, and Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla.

: This is a review article, and no ethical approval is required.