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Article History

Received: 25 February 2026

Revised: 29 April 2026

Accepted: 13 May 2026

First Online: 19 May 2026

Declarations

:

: T.T. has received honoraria for lectures from AbbVie, Eisai, Kyowa Kirin, Ono Pharmaceutical, and Takeda Pharmaceutical. K. Kimura has received honoraria for lectures from Abbott, AbbVie, Boston Scientific, Eisai, FP Pharmaceutical, Medtronic, Ono Pharmaceutical, and Takeda Pharmaceutical. K.I. has received honoraria for lectures from Eisai, FP, and AbbVie. T.B. has received research grants from Nihon Medi-physics and honoraria for lectures from Ono Pharmaceutical, AbbVie, Kyowa Kirin, and Eisai. K. Matsuura has received honoraria for lectures from Eisai, Ono Pharmaceutical, Daiichi Sankyo, Kyowa Kirin, Kowa, Novartis Pharma, UCB Japan, AbbVie, TEIJIN HOME HEALTHCARE, Boston Scientific Japan, and argenx Japan. K.A. has received honoraria for lectures from AbbVie. K. Kakuda has received honoraria for lectures from Ono Pharmaceutical and FP. M.M. has received honoraria from AbbVie, joint research funding from Philosophia, Inc., and equipment from TecDoctor, Inc. A. Shindo has received research grants from Daiichi Sankyo and Eli Lilly and Company, and honoraria for lectures from Eisai, Ono Pharmaceutical, Daiichi Sankyo, Kyowa Kirin, Otsuka Pharmaceutical, Takeda Pharmaceutical, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, Kowa, Eli Lilly Japan, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Novartis Pharma, UCB Japan, Chugai Pharmaceutical, and Biogen Japan. T.H. has received honoraria from Takeda Pharma, Ono Pharmaceutical, Sumitomo Pharma, Kyowa Kirin, Eisai, Kowa, PDR Pharma, Orion Pharma, EA Pharma, AbbVie, Boston Scientific, and Abbott Laboratories, and publishing royalties from Igaku-Shoin, Nankodo, and Kagaku-Hyoronsha. Y. Kimura has received honoraria for lectures from AbbVie, Eisai, FP, Ono Pharmaceutical, Takeda Pharmaceutical, TEIJIN HOME HEALTHCARE, and Viatris. F.T. has received collaborative research funding from Sysmex Corporation and honoraria for lectures from Biogen. N.H. has received honoraria for consulting and/or lectures from Sumitomo Pharma, Ono Pharmaceutical, Takeda Pharmaceutical, Kyowa Kirin, Eisai, Biogen Idec Japan, AbbVie GK, Teijin Pharma, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Daiichi Sankyo, PARKINSON Laboratories, MEDICOLAB, and Yoda Therapeutics. He holds endowed chairs or receives research support from Sumitomo Pharma, Otsuka Pharmaceutical, Takeda Pharmaceutical, Kyowa Kirin, SUNWELS, Eisai, Nihon Medi-physics, Abbott Japan, AbbVie GK, Medtronic, Boston Scientific Japan, Ono Pharmaceutical, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, ZEBRA, KOWA, PARKINSON Laboratories, and OHARA Pharmaceutical. M.K. has received research grants from Sumitomo Pharma and honoraria for lectures from Eisai. N.N. has received honoraria for lectures from Ono Pharmaceutical, AbbVie GK, and Teijin Pharma, and advisory fees and funding for investigator-initiated clinical research from AbbVie GK. Y. Kajiyama, D.K., T.U., H.T., K. Miyashita, and A. Saito have nothing to declare.

: This study adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki and the Ethical Guidelines for Medical and Health Research Involving Human Subjects by the Japanese government. The study protocol was approved by the Osaka University Certified Review Board (approval number: 22311T10-3).

: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants.