Document is current
Any future updates will be listed below
-
Authors
Ozawa, Masakazu https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4659-2462
Ishii, Kenji
Yuzawa, Ami
Yoshimaru, Daisuke
Okano, Hirotaka James https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4611-7098
- License Information
-
More Information
Article History
Received: 20 March 2026
Revised: 14 May 2026
Accepted: 19 May 2026
First Online: 1 June 2026
Declarations
:
: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional review boards of all participating sites and with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. All participants in the Parkinson’s Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI) provided written informed consent at enrollment. The PPMI study was approved by the institutional review board at each participating site.
