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Article History

Received: 19 March 2026

Revised: 23 May 2026

Accepted: 27 May 2026

First Online: 6 June 2026

Declarations

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: ER, JL, MK, JH, ZA, CSch, DB, and JJ report no disclosures. RK reports Research Funding from Heinrich und Alma Vogelsangstiftung, LFB Group France, and Ruhr University Bochum. Travel Funding from Takeda, Grifols, Ruhr University Bochum. Speaker Honoraria from CSL Behring. CSa received speaker honoraria for activities with Alnylam, travel grants from Alnylam, VICO and Novartis; and his research is supported by Biogen Idec, CHDI and German Huntington Foundation. He has received consulting fees from Novartis, VICO, Teitur, WAVE, Prilenia, Alnylam, and Arrowhead. IA received research support and personal honoraria from Alexion, Amgen, Argenx, Roche, and Sanofi. ALF holds shares in Novartis, Novo Nordisk, and Coloplast. She received travel grants from CSL and consulting fees and honoraria from Takeda. Research is supported by GBS/CIDP Foundation International, Ruhr-University Bochum, and Agricola Stiftung Ruhr. KP received honoraria for lectures and research funding from CSL Behring and Ruhr University Bochum. CSG received consulting and speaker honoraria from Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Amgen, Amicus Therapeutics, argenx, Hormosan Pharma, Immunovant, Janssen, Lupin Pharmaceuticals, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi-Genzyme, and UCB Pharma, as well as travel grants from Alexion Pharmaceuticals. RG holds shares in Merck, Novartis, Kyverna Therapeutics Inc. and Roche. He has received consulting fees from Novartis, Merck, Roche, and Biogen; honoraria from Novartis; lecture fees from Biogen, BMS, Eisai, Genesis, Janssen, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi, Sandoz, and TIBUA, and third-party funding from Biogen, Novartis, TIBUA, and Sanofi. JM received speaker honoraria for activities with Alnylam, Biogen Idec, travel grants from Biogen Idec, Novartis AG, Teva, and Eisai GmbH; and his research is supported by Biogen Idec, Novartis AG, GBS/CIDP Foundation International, Klaus TschiraFoundation and Ruhr-University, Bochum, regional association of North Rhine-Westphalia of the German MS Society (DMSG Landesverband NRW). RS has received speaker honoraria from Bayer HealthCare, Alexion Pharma, Novartis Pharma, and Roche Pharma AG, congress travel support from Merck, Biogen Idec GmbH, and has received research scientific grant support from Novartis Pharma. AS received speaker’s honoraria from Merck, Neuraxpharm, Novartis, Roche, and Sanofi; consulting fees from Neuraxpharm and research support by the regional association of North Rhine-Westphalia of the German MS Society (DMSG Landesverband NRW) and Novartis.

: The study was approved by the ethics committee of the Medical Faculty of Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany (approval number 23–7934-BR) and conducted in accordance with the ethical standards laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants.