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Article History

Received: 22 May 2026

Revised: 3 June 2026

Accepted: 5 June 2026

First Online: 20 June 2026

Declarations

:

: JT has received a total of 5 speakers´ honoraria from Lundbeck, SVAR diagnostics, and MSD 2022–2025. He has not received any research grants, restricted, or unrestricted, for this or any other work. PW is a named inventor on patents for antibody assays (WO/2010/046716) with royalties paid by Euroimmun AG and disease biomarker patents (WO2019211633A1, WO2022189788A1). He has received honoraria from Biogen Idec, Mereo Biopharma, Retrogenix, UBC, Euroimmun AG, UCB, F. Hoffmann La-Roche, Forum for Indian Neurology Education (FINE) and Alexion; and research funding from Euroimmun AG. He serves on the editorial boards of Neurology, Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation and the Journal of Clinical Neurology. Antibody testing for patient care in the UK is carried out in the Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Diagnostic Laboratory. No other authors report any potential conflicts of interest.

: This study was approved by the Swedish Ethical Review Authority, registration number 2011/1987–31 and 2022/03556–01. Patients who were able to do so provided written consent after receiving oral and written information about the study. For patients who could not comprehend the information due to severe cognitive decline, written informed consent was provided by their legal guardian or next of kin. This procedure was in accordance with the rules set by the Swedish Ethical Review Authority for the project.

: Patients who were able to do so provided written consent after receiving oral and written information about the study. For patients who could not comprehend the information due to severe cognitive decline, written informed consent was provided by their legal guardian or next of kin.