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Article History

Received: 30 March 2026

Revised: 12 June 2026

Accepted: 13 June 2026

First Online: 29 June 2026

Declarations

:

: Riley Bove has received research support from Biogen, Eli Lilly, Novartis, Roche Genentech, and TG Therapeutics; and received personal fees for consulting or advisory board participation from Alexion, Cadenza, EMD Serono, Sanofi Genzyme, and TG Therapeutics. Dawn Langdon has participated in speakers bureaus for Almirall, Bayer, Biogen, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi, and Teva; has received consultancy fees from Bayer, Biogen, Merck, Novartis, and Teva; and has received research grants from Bayer, Biogen, Merck, and Novartis. Maciej Maciejowski has received compensation for lectures and/or advisory board participation from Roche, Biogen, Novartis, Bristol Myers Squibb, and Amgen. Elżbieta Jasińska has participated in speakers bureaus for Novartis, Neuraxpharm, and Sanofi Genzyme; and served on advisory boards and/or steering committees of Novartis and Biogen. Sara Madueno Eichau has received speaker honoraria and consultant fees from Biogen, Merck, Neuraxpharm, Novartis, Almirall, Roche, Sanofi, and Teva. Tobias Derfuss’s institution has received compensation from Actelion, Amgen, Alexion, Biogen, Celgene, GeNeuro, Janssen, Johnson & Johnson, Novartis, Roche, MedDay, Merck, Sanofi, and Polyneuron; and research grants from Alexion, Roche, and Biogen. An immediate family member of Tobias Derfuss has been an employee of Novartis and Roche. Anil Abeyewickreme, Anamaria Rauh, Haoyi Fu, and Imran Ali Khan are employees of Novartis. Michal Dufek and Matthias Böhringer have declared no conflicts of interest.

: The protocol was reviewed and approved by an Institutional Review Board/Independent Ethics Committee at each participating site in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences international ethical guidelines, applicable ICH Good Clinical Practice guidelines, and all applicable laws and regulations. The study was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04353492).

: All participants provided written informed consent prior to study participation.