Document is current
Any future updates will be listed below
-
Authors
Cerdá-Fuertes, Nuria https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8753-5267
Sankar, Shaumya
Pless, Silvan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9660-9077
Stoessel, Marc
Sellathurai, Shaumiya https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8609-0426
Schoenholzer, Kean https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7755-4447
Burguet Villena, Federico https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9697-8364
Cagol, Alessandro https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7703-0553
Hofer, Lisa https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9312-2522
Demirtzoglou, Anastasios
Fischer-Barnicol, Bettina
Calabrese, Pasquale https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3347-5187
Benkert, Pascal https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6525-8174
Müller, Jannis https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1394-8231
D’Souza, Marcus https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5175-9541
Gugleta, Konstantin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3520-2791
Derfuss, Tobias https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8656-4250
Granziera, Cristina https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4917-8761
Kappos, Ludwig https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4175-5509
Kuhle, Jens https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6963-8892
Papadopoulou, Athina https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0367-1008
-
Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (PZ00P3_216468)
Schweizerische Multiple Sklerose Gesellschaft
Stiftung zur Förderung der gastroenterologischen und allgemeinenklinischen Forschung sowie der medizinischen Bildauswertung
University of Basel
- License Information
-
More Information
Article History
Received: 27 May 2026
Revised: 17 July 2026
Accepted: 20 July 2026
First Online: 6 August 2026
Declarations
Conflicts of interest: Nuria Cerdá-Fuertes is an employee of the University Hospital and works for Neurostatus-UHB Ltd as an expert neurologist. Shaumya Sankar has nothing to disclose. Silvan Pless has nothing to disclose. Marc Stoessel has nothing to disclose. Lisa Hofer has nothing to disclose. Kean Schoenholzer received travel support by TEVA and AbbVie and is supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (PZ00P3_216468). Shaumiya Sellathurai is supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation 514 (PZ00P3_216468). Federico Burguet Villena received travel support by TEVA and research grant (“Young talents in clinical research”) by the Swiss Academy of Medical Sciences and of the G. & J. Bangerter-Rhyner Foundation. A. Cagol received speaker honoraria Novartis, Merck, and Roche. He is recipient of a Swiss Multiple Sclerosis Society Research grant (2025/2026). Anastasios Demirtzoglou is an employee of the University Hospital and works for Neurostatus-UHB Ltd as an expert neurologist. Bettina Fischer-Barnicol contributed to an advisory board for Biogen and Merck. Marcus D' Souza is CEO of Neurostatus AG and has received travel support from Bayer AG, Biogen, Teva Pharmaceuticals, and Sanofi 520 Genzyme and research support from the University Hospital of Basel. Pasquale Calabrese has received honoraria for speaking at scientific meetings, serving at scientifc advisory boards, and consulting activities from: Abbvie, Actelion, Almirall, Bayer-Schering, Biogen Idec, Celgene, EISAI, Genzyme, Lundbeck, Merck Serono, Novartis, Pfzer, Teva, and Sanof-Aventis. His research is also supported by the Swiss Multiple Sclerosis Society and the Swiss National Research Foundation. Pascal Benkert has nothing to disclose. Jannis Müller received funding from the Swiss National Science Foundation (Grant No. P500PM214230 and P5R5PM225288) and the “Pool für Innere Medizin” of the University Hospital Basel, outside the presented work. Konstantin Gugleta: Advisory Boards: AbbVie, AZAD, Santen. Research support: Swiss National Science Foundation. Tobias Derfuss received speaker fees, research support, travel support, and/or served on Advisory Boards or Steering Committees of Alexion, Biogen, Celgene, GeNeuro, MedDay, Merck, Novartis, Roche and Sanofi-Genzyme; he received research support from Alexion, Biogen, Novartis, Roche, Swiss National Research Foundation, University of Basel, and Swiss MS Society. Cristina Granziera: The University Hospital Basel (USB), as the employer of Cristina Granziera has received the following fees which were used exclusively for research support: (1) advisory board and consultancy fees from Actelion, Novartis, Genzyme, and F. Hoffmann-La Roche; (2) speaker fees from Biogen and Genzyme-Sanofi; (3) research support from F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd.; Before her employment at USB, she has also received speaker honoraria and travel funding by Novartis. Ludwig Kappos received no personal compensation; his institutions (University Hospital Basel/Stiftung Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel) received payments for steering committee, advisory and data safety monitoring board participation, consultancy services, and educational activities from Bayer, Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celltrion Inc, Clene Nanomedicine Inc., EMD Serono Research and development, Galapagos NV, Genentech, Immunic AG, Janssen, Kiniksa Pharmaceuticals, Laboratoires Juvise Pharmaceuticals, Merck Healthcare AG, MSD Merck Sharp & Dohme AG, Minoryx Therapeutics S.L., Neurostatus-UHB AG, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi, Shionogi BV, Wellmera AG, Zai Lab; research support from Novartis, Roche, and Innosuisse. J. Kuhle received speaker fees, research support, travel support, and/or served on advisory boards by Swiss MS Society, Swiss National Research Foundation (320030_ 189140/1), University of Basel, Progressive MS Alliance, Bayer, Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Merck, Novartis, Octave Bioscience, Roche, and Sanofi. Athina Papadopoulou’s Institutions (USB, University of Basel) received Speaker fees/advisory boards from: AbbVie, Eli Lilly, Lundbeck, Pfizer, Organon, Sanofi-Genzyme, Teva, research support from: Swiss Multiple Sclerosis Society, Swiss Headache Society, “Stiftung zur Förderung der gastroenterologischen und allgemeinen klinischen Forschung sowieder medizinischen Bildauswertung”, “Freie Akademische Gesellschaft Basel”, and Swiss National Science Foundation. AP received also travel support from: Abbvie, Bayer AG, Eli Lilly, Hoffmann-La Roche, Teva.
Ethical standards: The study was approved by the local ethics committee (Ethikkommission Nordwest- und Zentralschweiz (EKNZ); Project IDs: 285/11 and 2023–02144) and conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments. All participants gave written informed consent before inclusion in the study.
