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Authors
Lauth, Wanda
Torres-Espin, Abel
Arevalo-Martin, Angel
Garcia-Ovejero, Daniel
Mach, Orpheus
Maier, Doris
Abel, Rainer
Weidner, Norbert
Kalke, Yorck-Bernhard
Kriz, Jiri
Curt, Armin
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Jutzeler, Catherine
Leister, Iris https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5963-0598
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Wings for Life (WFL-DE-09/22)
Wings for Life (271)
Johannes Kepler University Linz
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Article History
Received: 10 April 2026
Revised: 15 July 2026
Accepted: 3 August 2026
First Online: 19 August 2026
Declarations
Conflicts of interest: The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
Ethical approval: All study-related data exports, transfer, and analysis were in accordance with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments, the EU 2016/679 GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation), and the BDSG (Bundesdatenschutzgesetz) federal legal regulations in Germany. All individuals provided written informed consent permitting the use of their medical data for research purposes as part of their participation in the European Multicenter Study about Spinal Cord Injury (EMSCI) registry. The EMSCI has been approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Heidelberg (Vote no. S-188/2003, Amendment 9).
Generative AI and AI-assisted technologies: The authors acknowledge the use of large language models (ChaptGPT) to support the drafting of text within this article. Any suggestions obtained were critically reviewed and rephrased where needed. The authors emphasize that support was limited to grammatical and editorial phrasing. The authors take full responsibility for the content of the publication.
