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Article History

Received: 12 August 2019

Revised: 15 October 2019

Accepted: 22 October 2019

First Online: 12 November 2019

Compliance with ethical standards

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: Dr. Maria della Volpe Waizel was generously supported by the the SAMW (Schweizerische Akademie der Medizinischen Wissenschaften), the Bangerter Foundation and the SNF (Swiss National Science Foundation) with ad personam grants. Dr. Margarita G. Todorova was partially supported by unrestricted grant from OPOS (Stiftung Ostschweizerische Pleoptik- and Orthoptik-Schule). Dr. Scholl is member of the Scientific Advisory Board of: Astellas Institute for Regenerative Medicine; Gensight Biologics; Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; Gyroscope Therapeutics Ltd.; ReNeuron Group Plc/Ora Inc.; and Vision Medicines, Inc. Dr. Scholl is paid consultant of: Gerson Lehrman Group; Guidepoint. Dr. Scholl is member of the Data Monitoring and Safety Board/Committee of ReNeuron Group Plc/Ora Inc. and member of the Steering Committee of Novo Nordisk (FOCUS trial). Dr. Scholl is co-director of the Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel (IOB) which is constituted as a non-profit foundation and receives funding from the University of Basel, the University Hospital Basel, Novartis, and the government of Basel-Stadt. These arrangements have been reviewed and approved by the Johns Hopkins University in accordance with its conflict of interest policies. Johns Hopkins University and Bayer Pharma AG have an active research collaboration and option agreement. These arrangements have also been reviewed and approved by the University of Basel (Universitätsspital Basel, USB) in accordance with its conflict of interest policies. Dr. Hendrik Scholl is principal investigator of grants at the USB sponsored by the following entity: Kinarus AG; Novartis Pharma AG; Ophthotech Corporation; Pharma Research & Early Development (pRED) of F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd; Spark Therapeutics. Grants at USB are negotiated and administered by the institution (USB) which receives them on its proper accounts. Individual investigators who participate in the sponsored project(s) are not directly compensated by the sponsor but may receive salary or other support from the institution to support their effort on the project(s).Dr. Camenzind-Zuche declares that she has no conflict of interest. Ms Müller declares that she has no conflict of interest. Dr. Rickmann declares that she has no conflict of interest.

: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.