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Article History

Received: 30 September 2024

Revised: 10 March 2025

Accepted: 27 March 2025

First Online: 4 April 2025

Declarations

:

: Leonardo Bottazzi, Eugenio Barlocci, Marco Battista, Andrea Servillo, Federico Beretta: certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest (such as honoraria; educational grants; participation in speakers’ bureaus; membership, employment, consultancies, stock ownership, or other equity interest; and expert testimony or patent-licensing arrangements), or non-financial interest (such as personal or professional relationships, affiliations, knowledge or beliefs) in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.Riccardo Sacconi is a consultant for: AbbVie (North Chicago, Illinois, USA), Bayer Shering-Pharma (Berlin, Germany), Carl Zeiss Meditec (Dublin, USA), Hoffmann-La-Roche (Basel, Switzerland), Novartis (Basel, Switzerland).Francesco Bandello is a consultant for: AbbVie (North Chicago, Illinois, USA), Alcon (Fort Worth,Texas,USA), Alimera Sciences (Alpharetta, Georgia, USA), Farmila-Thea (Clermont-Ferrand, France), Bayer Shering-Pharma (Berlin, Germany), Bausch And Lomb (Rochester, New York, USA), Genentech (San Francisco, California, USA), Hoffmann-La-Roche (Basel, Switzerland), NovagaliPharma (Évry, France), Novartis (Basel, Switzerland), Sanofi-Aventis (Paris, France), Thrombogenics (Heverlee,Belgium), Zeiss (Dublin, USA).Giuseppe Querques is a consultant for: AbbVie (North Chicago, Illinois, USA), Alimera Sciences (Alpharetta, Georgia, USA), Amgen (Thousand Oaks, USA), Heidelberg (Germany), KBH (Chengdu, China), LEH Pharma (London, UK), Lumithera (Poulsbo, USA), Novartis (Basel, Switzerland), Bayer Shering-Pharma (Berlin, Germany), Sandoz (Berlin, Germany), Sifi (Catania, Italy), Soof-Fidia (Albano, Italy), Zeiss (Dublin, USA).

: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele ethics committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. This article does not contain any studies with animals performed by any of the authors. Ethical approval was provided by IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele ethics committee.

: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.