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Article History

Received: 26 February 2025

Revised: 13 May 2025

Accepted: 9 June 2025

First Online: 3 July 2025

Declarations

:

: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The study protocol was approved by the IRB of Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital. This article does not include any animal studies conducted by the authors.

: The IRB of Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital waived the requirement for informed consent due to the retrospective nature of the research.

: Dr. Cheng-Kuo Cheng has participated in collaborative studies sponsored by Bayer, Roche, Novartis, and AbbVie, and has served as a consultant for these companies. All other authors certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest (such as honoraria; educational grants; participation in speakers’ bureaus; membership, employment, consultancies, stock ownership, or other equity interest; and expert testimony or patent-licensing arrangements), or non-financial interest (such as personal or professional relationships, affiliations, knowledge or beliefs) in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.