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Authors
Strzalkowski, Piotr https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2063-5743
Strzalkowska, Alicja
Roth, Mathias
Kaya, Sema
Geerling, Gerd
Guthoff, Rainer
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf. Anstalt öffentlichen Rechts
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Article History
Received: 5 May 2025
Revised: 16 June 2025
Accepted: 25 June 2025
First Online: 16 July 2025
Declarations
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: All authors certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest (such as honoraria; educational grants; participation in speakers’ bureaus; membership, employment, consultancies, stock ownership, or other equity interest; and expert testimony or patent-licensing arrangements), or non-financial interest (such as personal or professional relationships, affiliations, knowledge or beliefs) in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.
: The publicly available data was first anonymized by the German Federal Statistical Office to ensure the absolute confidentiality of patient identities. Furthermore, data sets were systematically censored to ensure that the information was fully anonymized and de-identified. Consequently, the study was classified as ‘non-human research’ since the researchers could not identify individuals from the provided fully anonymized information, thereby eliminating the need for Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval. This study was performed in accordance with the ethical standards set forth in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki.
