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Article History

Received: 14 February 2025

Revised: 19 June 2025

Accepted: 11 July 2025

First Online: 16 August 2025

Declarations

:

: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the San Raffaele Ethichs Committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Ethics Committee of San Raffaele Hospital (San Raffaele Ethics Committee) approved the study.

: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

: Matteo Menna, Simone Marra, Federico Beretta certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest (such as honoraria; educational grants; participation in speakers’ bureaus; membership, employment, consultancies, stock ownership, or other equity interest; and expert testimony or patent-licensing arrangements), or non-financial interest (such as personal or professional relationships, affiliations, knowledge or beliefs) in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.Riccardo Sacconi is a consultant for: AbbVie (North Chicago, Illinois, USA), Bayer SheringPharma (Berlin, Germany), Carl Zeiss Meditec (Dublin, USA), Hoffmann-La-Roche (Basel, Switzerland), Novartis (Basel, Switzerland).Francesco Bandello is a consultant for: AbbVie (North Chicago, Illinois, USA), Alcon (Fort Worth,Texas,USA), Alimera Sciences (Alpharetta, Georgia, USA), Farmila-Thea (ClermontFerrand, France), Bayer Shering-Pharma (Berlin, Germany), Bausch And Lomb (Rochester, New York, USA), Genentech (San Francisco, California, USA), Hoffmann-La-Roche (Basel, Switzerland), NovagaliPharma (Évry, France), Novartis (Basel, Switzerland), Sanofi-Aventis (Paris, France), Thrombogenics (Heverlee,Belgium), Zeiss (Dublin, USA).Giuseppe Querques is a consultant for: AbbVie (North Chicago, Illinois, USA), Alimera Sciences (Alpharetta, Georgia, USA), Amgen (Thousand Oaks, USA), Heidelberg (Germany), KBH (Chengdu, China), LEH Pharma (London, UK), Lumithera (Poulsbo, USA), Novartis (Basel, Switzerland), Bayer Shering-Pharma (Berlin, Germany), Sandoz (Berlin, Germany), Sifi (Catania, Italy), Soof-Fidia (Albano, Italy), Zeiss (Dublin, USA).