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Article History

Received: 9 July 2025

Revised: 19 August 2025

Accepted: 1 September 2025

First Online: 25 September 2025

Declarations

:

: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards and with explicit approval of the Institutional Review Boards of the respective centers (University of California – Los Angeles, University of Pennsylvania, Case Western Reserve University, and University of Miami), and in compliance with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

: All authors certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest (such as honoraria; educational grants; participation in speakers’ bureaus; membership, employment, consultancies, stock ownership, or other equity interest; and expert testimony or patent-licensing arrangements), or non-financial interest (such as personal or professional relationships, affiliations, knowledge or beliefs) in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript. Although not directly related to the content of this manuscript, Dr. Sadda reports receiving honoraria as a consultant for Boerhinger Ingelheim, Roche, Optos, Topcon, Zeiss, Ikerian 4DMT, Abbvie, Alexion, Allergan Inc., Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Amgen Inc., Apellis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Astellas, Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals, Biogen MA Inc., Catalyst Pharmaceuticals Inc., Centervue Inc., GENENTECH, Gyroscope Therapeutics, Heidelberg Engineering, iCare, Janssen Pharmaceuticals Inc., Nanoscope, Notal Vision Inc., Novartis Pharma AG, Oxurion/Thrombogenics, Oyster Point Pharma, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Samsung Bioepis, Topcon Medical Systems Inc.He has also received research instruments from: Carl Zeiss Meditec, Heidelberg Engineering, Nidek Incorporated, Novartis Pharma AG, Topcon Medical Systems Inc.Srinivas Sadda- although the co-author is an editor of the journal, there was no involvement with the peer review process for this article.

: was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.