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Article History

Received: 7 April 2025

Revised: 1 September 2025

Accepted: 3 September 2025

First Online: 16 October 2025

Declarations

:

: The study was approved by the local medical ethics committee (Medisch-ethische toestingscommissie azM/UM, Maastricht, the Netherlands) and all procedures performed in this study were conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments.

: Upon reasonable request, the coding of our custom-developed software can be shared. Patient-level data cannot be made publicly available, as the dataset cannot be truly anonymized and thus remains personal data under the GDPR.

: As this study did not involve interventions or treatments requiring formal ethical approval under national regulations, obtaining informed consent was not necessary.

: R.M.M.A. Nuijts is a consultant for Alcon Laboratories Inc., Johnson&Johnson and Carl Zeiss Meditec, has received lecture fees from Alcon Laboratories Inc. and Ophtec, and has received research support from Alcon Laboratories Inc., Teleon Surgical B.V. and Carl Zeiss Meditec. N.J.C. Bauer is a consultant for Alcon Laboratories Inc., has received lecture fees from Teleon Surgical B.V., and has received research support of Teleon Surgical B.V. and Alcon Laboratories Inc. Other authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.