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Article History

Received: 14 May 2025

Revised: 3 September 2025

Accepted: 15 September 2025

First Online: 13 October 2025

Declarations

:

: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the Institutional Review Boards (IRB) of Kyorin University, Nihon University, Fukushima Medical University, University of the Ryukyus, and Tokyo Women’s Medical University, and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. This article does not contain any studies with animals performed by any of the authors.

: Informed consent was waived by the respective Institutional Review Boards due to the retrospective nature of this study.

: Keiko Kataoka received grants from Chugai Pharma and received lecturing and travel fees from Santen Pharma, Bayer Pharma, Senju Pharma, Boehringer Ingelheim Japan, Otsuka Pharma, Canon Medtech, Zeiss, Chugai Pharma, Novartis Pharma. Koji Tanaka received lecturing and travel fees from Santen Pharma, Bayer Pharma, Novartis Pharma, Senju Pharma, Japan Eye Drop Institute, Chugai Pharma, Sumitomo Pharma, Kowa. Jyunichiro Honjyo has no conflict of interest. Yasunori Miyara received lecturing and travel fees from Senju Pharma. Nozomu Hashiya received lecturing and travel fees from Senju Pharma, Chugai Pharma, Kowa, Novartis Pharma, AMO, Bayer Pharma. Yuto Watanabe received lecturing and travel fees from Chugai Pharma. Akiko Yamamoto received lecturing and travel fees from Novartis Pharma, Bayer, Chugai Pharma. Yu Wakatsuki received lecturing and travel fees from Novartis Pharma, JFC Sales Plan. Ayaka Nakai received lecturing and travel fees from Novartis Pharma, Chugai Pharma. Ryo Mukai received lecturing and travel fees from Novartis Pharma, Chugai Pharma, Senju Pharma, HOYA, Kowa, Santen Pharma, Bayer, AbbVie, AMO, NIDEK. Yutaka Kato has no conflict of interest. Nobihiro Terao received lecturing and travel fees from Novartis Pharma, Bayer Pharma, Santen Pharma, Kowa, Topcon, HOYA, Chugai Pharma, Senju Pharma, Canon. Marina Maehira has no conflict of interest. Ichiro Maruko received lecturing and travel fees from Bayer, Novartis Pharma, Alcon, Santen Pharma, Senju Pharma, Topcon, Chugai Pharma, Canon, Nidek, Nikon, Kowa, AMO, HOYA. He holds a patent. Moeko Kawai has no conflict of interest. Tomohiro Iida received grants from Novartis Pharma, Senju Pharma, Alcon Japan, HOYA, AMO, Pfizer, Santen, Otsuka Pharma, Nidek, Topcon, Santen, consultant fee from Bayer Pharma, Novartis Pharma, Chugai Pharma, Boehringer Ingelheim Japan, and received lecturing and travel fees from Bayer Pharma, Novartis Pharma, Alcon Japan, Santen, Senju Pharma, Topcon, Chugai Pharma, Canon, Nidek, Otsuka Pharma, Nikon. He holds a patent. Hideki Koizumi received grants from Nikon, Tomey, Canon, Kowa, Novartis Pharma, Alcon, Bayer Pharma, HOYA, Senju Pharma, Santen Pharma, AMO, Otsuka Pharma, Star Japan, First Medical, Pfizer, Chugai Pharma, Astellas Pharma, consultant fee from Novartis Pharma, Bayer Pharma, Chugai Pharma, Allergan, Boehringer Ingelheim Japan, Otsuka Pharma, Janssen Pharma, and received lecturing and travel fees from Novartis, Alcon, Bayer, Senju, Santen, Chugai/Roche, Kowa, HOYA, AMO, Otsuka, Pfizer, Bausch & Lomb, JFC, Canon, Nidek, Topcon, AbbVie, TOMEY, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma, Sanofi, Inami. Tetsuju Sekiryu received grants from Alcon Japan, Wakamoto Pharma, HOYA, Santen Pharma, Senju Pharma, AMO Japan, Kowa and received lecturing and travel fees from Novartis Pharma, Chugai Pharma, Alcon Pharma, Santen Pharma, Senju Pharma, Bayer Pharma, Nitto Medic, Kowa, Otsuka Pharma. Ryusaburo Mori received lecturing and travel fees from Santen Pharma, Bayer Pharma, Boehringer Ingelheim Japan, Kyowa Kirin, Novartis Pharma, Senju Pharma, Chugai Pharma. Annabelle A. Okada received grants from Alcon Pharma, Bayer Pharma, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, Pfizer, Santen Pharma, consultant fee from 4D Molecular Therapeutics, Apellis, Allergan Japan, Astellas Pharma, Bayer Consumer Care AG, Bayer Pharma, Chugai Pharma, Daiichi Sankyo, Kowa, Ocular Therapeutix, and received lecturing and travel fees from Bayer Pharma, Chugai Pharma, Kowa, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, Novartis Pharma, Otsuka Pharma, Santen Pharma, Senju Pharma.