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Article History

Received: 9 September 2025

Revised: 20 October 2025

Accepted: 24 October 2025

First Online: 8 November 2025

Declarations

:

: This retrospective longitudinal, Institutional Review Board-approved (University of California, Los Angeles, IRB#15–000083) study was performed in accordance with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act and adhered to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki.

: The requirement for additional informed consent was waived due to the retrospective nature and use of anonymized data.

: SRS.Consultant (C): 4DMT, Abbvie, Alexion, Allergan Inc., Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Amgen Inc., Apellis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Astellas, Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals, Biogen MA Inc., Boehringer Ingelheim, Carl Zeiss Meditec, Catalyst Pharmaceuticals Inc., Centervue Inc., GENENTECH, Gyroscope Therapeutics, Heidelberg Engineering, Hoffman La Roche, Ltd., Iveric Bio, Janssen Pharmaceuticals Inc., Nanoscope, Notal Vision Inc., Novartis Pharma AG, Optos Inc., Oxurion/Thrombogenics, Oyster Point Pharma, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Samsung Bioepis, Topcon Medical Systems Inc.Recipient (R): Carl Zeiss Meditec, Heidelberg Engineering, Nidek Incorporated, Novartis Pharma AG, Topcon Medical Systems Inc.Financial Support (F): Carl Zeiss Meditec, Heidelberg Engineering, Optos Inc., Nidek, Topcon, Centervue.

: All authors certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest (such as honoraria; educational grants; participation in speakers’ bureaus; membership, employment, consultancies, stock ownership, or other equity interest; and expert testimony or patent-licensing arrangements), or non-financial interest (such as personal or professional relationships, affiliations, knowledge or beliefs) in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.