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Article History

Received: 12 June 2025

Revised: 29 October 2025

Accepted: 3 November 2025

First Online: 12 December 2025

Declarations

:

: This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

: Stefano Lingardo, Edoardo Balduzzi, Federico Beretta, Matteo Menean: certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest (such as honoraria; educational grants; participation in speakers’ bureaus; membership, employment, consultancies, stock ownership, or other equity interest; and expert testimony or patent-licensing arrangements), or non-financial interest (such as personal or professional relationships, affiliations, knowledge or beliefs) in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript. Riccardo Sacconi is a consultant for: AbbVie (North Chicago, Illinois, USA), Bayer SheringPharma (Berlin, Germany), Carl Zeiss Meditec (Dublin, USA), Hoffmann-La-Roche (Basel, Switzerland), Novartis (Basel, Switzerland). Giuseppe Querques is a consultant for: AbbVie (North Chicago, Illinois, USA), Alimera Sciences (Alpharetta, Georgia, USA), Amgen (Thousand Oaks, USA), Heidelberg (Germany), KBH (Chengdu, China), LEH Pharma (London, UK), Lumithera (Poulsbo, USA), Novartis (Basel, Switzerland), Bayer Shering-Pharma (Berlin, Germany), Sandoz (Berlin, Germany), Sifi (Catania, Italy), Soof-Fidia (Albano, Italy), Zeiss (Dublin, USA).