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Article History

Received: 19 September 2025

Revised: 16 December 2025

Accepted: 24 December 2025

First Online: 17 January 2026

Declarations

:

: The Santa Marcelina College, based in São Paulo, authorized this study after approval by the local ethics committee.

: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in each study included in this meta-analysis.

: We developed a systematic review and meta-analysis with the eligibility criteria mentioned in the materials and methods, including studies such as case series, cohorts, and retrospective studies, all published in the following baselines, PubMed, Embase, Lilacs, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases for studies enrolling patients diagnosed with Lyme disease who exhibited ocular manifestations until April 2024, which were performed in accordance with the tenets of the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and in accordance with the ethical standards of the research committee of each hospital where the studies were conducted, its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Animal studies were not included in this meta-analysis.

: All authors declare that they have no connections with, not participation in, any organization or entity that could represent a financial interest (including honoraria, educational funding, speaker bureau activities, employment, consultancy roles, stock ownership, equity involvement, expert testimony, or patent-licensing agreements) or a non-financial interest (such as personal or professional relationships, affiliations, knowledge, or beliefs) related to the subject or materials presented in this manuscript.