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Authors
Hashiya, Nozomu https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8192-2725
Maruko, Ichiro https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5647-6372
Maruko, Ruka
Kakehashi, Mizuha
Kawahara, Kenshi
Nishihara, Soichiro
Iida, Tomohiro
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Tokyo Women's Medical University
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Article History
Received: 1 April 2025
Revised: 21 December 2025
Accepted: 7 January 2026
First Online: 11 February 2026
Declarations
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: This retrospective study was conducted in accordance with the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki. The institutional review board at Tokyo Women’s Medical University School of Medicine approved the study, which included OCT observations of eyes with macular and retinal disorders and observational studies of age-related macular degeneration and similar disorders.
: Dr. Hashiya receives lecturing and travel fees from Senju Pharmaceutical, Chugai Pharmaceutical, Kowa, Novartis Pharma, and the AMO.Dr. Maruko receives lecturing and travel fees from Bayer Pharmaceuticals, Novartis Pharma, Japan Alcon, Santen, Senju Pharmaceutical, Topcon, Chugai Pharmaceutical, Canon, Nidek, and Nikon. He holds a patent.Dr. Ruka Maruko receives lecturing and travel fees from Chugai Pharmaceutical and Kyowa Kirin.Dr. Kakehashi has nothing to disclose.Dr. Kawahara has nothing to disclose.Dr. Nishihara has nothing to disclose.Dr. Iida receives grants from Nidek, Topcon, Santen, Novartis Pharma, Senju Pharmaceutical, Japan Alcon, HOYA, and AMO; consultant fees from Bayer Pharmaceuticals, Novartis Pharma, Chugai Pharmaceutical, Japan Beringer Ingelheim, and Janssen Pharma; and lecturing and travel fees from Bayer Pharmaceuticals, Novartis Pharma, Japan Alcon, Santen, Senju Pharmaceutical, Topcon, Chugai Pharmaceutical, Canon, Nidek, Otsuka Pharmaceutical, Nikon, and Kyowa Kirin. He holds a patent.
