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Article History

Received: 18 August 2025

Revised: 16 December 2025

Accepted: 21 January 2026

First Online: 19 February 2026

Declarations

:

: Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.

: All research and measurements complied with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. This study received approval from the Kyoto University Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine Ethics Committee. This article does not contain any studies with animals performed by any of the authors.

: The requirement for written informed consent to participate was waived due to the retrospective design of this study. Instead, we publicly disclosed the results of this retrospective research on our faculty website, while also providing the subjects with an opportunity to opt out of the study. The Institutional Review Board and Ethics Committee of Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine approved the waiver of informed consent.

: All authors certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest (such as honoraria; educational grants; participation in speakers’ bureaus; membership, employment, consultancies, stock ownership, or other equity interest; and expert testimony or patent-licensing arrangements), or non-financial interest (such as personal or professional relationships, affiliations, knowledge or beliefs) in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.