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Article History

Received: 15 October 2025

Revised: 23 January 2026

Accepted: 3 February 2026

First Online: 21 February 2026

Declarations

:

: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

: Chihiro Mayama, Xue Tan, Yoko Nomura, and Yujiro Fujino declare that they have no conflict of interest. Satoru Inoda declares lecturer’s fees from Kowa, Novartis, Bayer, Santen, Chugai, and DeepEyeVision, Inc., and grants from Novartis outside this work. Hidenori Takahashi was a founder of DeepEyeVision, Inc., and declares patents outside this work, lecturer’s fees from Santen, Kowa, Senju, Novartis, and Bayer outside this work, and grants from Senju, Novartis and Bayer outside this work. Shinichi Sakamoto declares lecturer’s fees from Chugai, outside this work. Hidetoshi Kawashima declares lecturer’s fees from Otsuka, Senju, Mitsubishi-Tanabe, Kowa, Santen, Novartis and Zeiss outside this work and grants from Senju, Linical, DeepEyeVision, HOYA, Santen, Heiwa-Iyou, and Bayer outside this work. Yasuo Yanagi declares grants from Santen and Novartis outside this work.